NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS SECOND EDITION【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 Basic Concepts1

1.1 History1

1.1.1 The Origins of Nuclear Physics1

1.1.2 The Emergence of Particle Physics：the Standard Model and Hadrons3

1.2 Relativity and Antiparticles6

1.3 Space-Time Symmetries and Conservation Laws8

1.3.1 Parity9

1.3.2 Charge Conjugation10

1.3.3 Time Reversal12

1.4 Interactions and Feynman Diagrams14

1.4.1 Interactions14

1.4.2 Feynman Diagrams15

1.5 Particle Exchange：Forces and Potentials17

1.5.1 Range of Forces17

1.5.2 The Yukawa Potential19

1.6 Observable Quantities：Cross-sections and Decay Rates20

1.6.1 Amplitudes20

1.6.2 Cross-sections22

1.6.3 Unstable States26

1.7 Units：Length，Mass and Energy28

Problems29

2 Nuclear Phenomenology31

2.1 Mass Spectroscopy31

2.1.1 Deflection Spectrometers32

2.1.2 Kinematic Analysis33

2.1.3 Penning Trap Measurements34

2.2 Nuclear Shapes and Sizes38

2.2.1 Charge Distribution39

2.2.2 Matter Distribution43

2.3 Semi-Empirical Mass Formula：the Liquid Drop Model45

2.3.1 Binding Energies45

2.3.2 Semi-empirical Mass Formula47

2.4 Nuclear Instability52

2.5 Radioactive Decay53

2.6 β-Decay Phenomenology56

2.6.1 Odd-mass Nuclei56

2.6.2 Even-mass Nuclei58

2.7 Fission59

2.8 γ Decays62

2.9 Nuclear Reactions63

Problems67

3 Particle Phenomenology71

3.1 Leptons71

3.1.1 Lepton Multiplets and Lepton Numbers71

3.1.2 Universal Lepton Interactions：the Number of Neutrinos74

3.1.3 Neutrinos76

3.1.4 Neutrino Mixing and Oscillations77

3.1.5 Oscillation Experiments and Neutrino Masses80

3.1.6 Lepton Numbers Revisited86

3.2 Quarks87

3.2.1 Evidence for Quarks87

3.2.2 Quark Generations and Quark Numbers90

3.3 Hadrons92

3.3.1 Flavour Independence and Charge Multiplets92

3.3.2 Quark Model Spectroscopy96

3.3.3 Hadron Magnetic Moments and Masses101

Problems107

4 Experimental Methods109

4.1 Overview109

4.2 Accelerators and Beams111

4.2.1 DC Accelerators111

4.2.2 AC Accelerators112

4.2.3 Neutral and Unstable Particle Beams119

4.3 Particle Interactions with Matter120

4.3.1 Short-range Interactions with Nuclei120

4.3.2 Ionization Energy Losses122

4.3.3 Radiation Energy Losses124

4.3.4 Interactions of Photons in Matter125

4.4 Particle Detectors127

4.4.1 Gas Detectors128

4.4.2 Scintillation Counters132

4.4.3 Semiconductor Detectors133

4.4.4 Cerenkov Counters134

4.4.5 Calorimeters135

4.5 Multi-Component Detector Systems138

Problems143

5 Quark Dynamics：The Strong Interaction147

5.1 Colour147

5.2 Quantum Chromodynamics（QCD）149

5.3 Heavy Quark Bound States151

5.4 The Strong Coupling Constant and Asymptotic Freedom156

5.5 Quark-Gluon Plasma160

5.6 Jets and Gluons161

5.7 Colour Counting163

5.8 Deep Inelastic Scattering and Nucleon Structure165

5.8.1 Scaling165

5.8.2 Quark-Parton Model167

5.8.3 Scaling Violations and Structure Functions170

Problems173

6 Weak Interactions and Electroweak Unification177

6.1 Charged and Neutral Currents177

6.2 Symmetries of the Weak Interaction178

6.3 Spin Structure of the Weak Interactions182

6.3.1 Neutrinos182

6.3.2 Particles with Mass：Chirality184

6.4 W± and Z0 Bosons187

6.5 Weak Interactions of Hadrons：Charged Currents188

6.5.1 Semileptonic Decays189

6.5.2 Selection Rules192

6.5.3 Neutrino Scattering195

6.6 Meson Decays and CP Violation197

6.6.1 CP Invariance197

6.6.2 CP Violation in K 0 L Decay199

6.6.3 CP Violation in B Decays201

6.6.4 Flavour Oscillations203

6.6.5 CP Violation and the Standard Model205

6.7 Neutral Currents and the Unified Theory207

6.7.1 Electroweak Unification207

6.7.2 The Z0 Vertices and Electroweak Reactions210

Problems213

7 Models and Theories of Nuclear Physics217

7.1 The Nucleon-Nucleon Potential217

7.2 Fermi Gas Model220

7.3 Shell Model222

7.3.1 Shell Structure of Atoms222

7.3.2 Nuclear Magic Numbers224

7.3.3 Spins，Parities and Magnetic Dipole Moments227

7.3.4 Excited States229

7.4 Non-Spherical Nuclei231

7.4.1 Electric Quadrupole Moments231

7.4.2 Collective Model234

7.5 Summary of Nuclear Structure Models234

7.6 α Decay235

7.7 β Decay238

7.7.1 Fermi Theory239

7.7.2 Electron and Positron Momentum Distributions240

7.7.3 Selection Rules242

7.7.4 Applications of Fermi Theory243

7.8 γ Emission and Internal Conversion247

7.8.1 Selection Rules247

7.8.2 Transition Rates248

Problems250

8 Applications of Nuclear Physics253

8.1 Fission253

8.1.1 Induced Fission and Chain Reactions253

8.1.2 Fission Reactors257

8.2 Fusion262

8.2.1 Coulomb Barrier262

8.2.2 Fusion Reaction Rates264

8.2.3 Stellar Fusion266

8.2.4 Fusion Reactors268

8.3 Nuclear Weapons271

8.3.1 Fission Devices273

8.3.2 Fission/Fusion Devices275

8.4 Biomedical Applications278

8.4.1 Radiation and Living Matter278

8.4.2 Medical Imaging Using Ionizing Radiation283

8.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging289

Problems294

9 Outstanding Questions and Future Prospects297

9.1 Overview297

9.2 Hadrons and Nuclei298

9.2.1 Hadron Structure and the Nuclear Environment298

9.2.2 Nuclear Structure300

9.2.3 Nuclear Synthesis302

9.2.4 Symmetries and the Standard Model303

9.3 The Origin of Mass：the Higgs Boson305

9.3.1 Theoretical Background305

9.3.2 Experimental Searches307

9.4 The Nature of the Neutrino311

9.4.1 Dirac or Majorana？311

9.4.2 Neutrinoless Double β Decay312

9.5 Beyond the Standard Model：Unification Schemes315

9.5.1 Grand Unification315

9.5.2 Supersymmetry318

9.5.3 Strings and Things321

9.6 Particle Astrophysics322

9.6.1 Neutrino Astrophysics323

9.6.2 The Early Universe：Dark Matter and Neutrino Masses327

9.6.3 Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry330

9.7 Nuclear Medicine331

9.8 Power Production and Nuclear Waste333

Appendix A Some Results in Quantum Mchanics339

A.1 Barrier Penetration339

A.2 Density of States341

A.3 Perturbation Theory and the Second Golden Rule343

A.4 Isospin Formalism345

A.4.1 Isospin Operators and Quark States345

A.4.2 Hadron States347

Appendix B Relativistic Kinematics351

B.1 Lorentz Transformations and Four-Vectors351

B.2 Frames of Reference353

B.3 Invariants355

Problems358

Appendix C Rutherford Scattering361

C.1 Classical Physics361

C.2 Quantum Mechanics364

Problems365

Appendix D Gauge Theories367

D.1 Gauge Invariance and the Standard Model367

D.1.1 Electromagnetism and the Gauge Principle368

D.1.2 The Standard Model370

D.2 Particle Masses and the Higgs Field372

Appendix E Data377

E.1 Physical Constants and Conversion Factors377

E.2 Tables of Particle Properties378

E.2.1 Gauge Bosons378

E.2.2 Leptons379

E.2.3 Quarks379

E.2.4 Low-Lying Baryons380

E.2.5 Low-Lying Mesons382

E.3 Tables of Nuclear Properties384

E.3.1 Properties of Naturally Occurring Isotopes384

E.3.2 The Periodic Table392

Appendix F Solutions to Problems393

References437

Bibliography441

Index443