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Part One Family Formation, Regulation, and Dissolution3

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study of Family Law in the World Community3

A. An Introduction to Comparative Law3

1. Why Study Comparative Law?4

Nora V. Demleitner, Combating Legal Ethnocentrism8

Problem 1-110

2. What Is Comparative Family Law?11

John C. Reitz, How to Do Comparative Law11

Shirley S. Abrahamson & Michael J. Fischer, All the World's a Courtroom: Judging in the New Millennium18

Problem 1-219

Marckx v. Belgium20

Notes and Questions20

Johan Meeusen, Judicial Disapproval of Discrimination against Illegitimate Children28

B. An Introduction to International Law30

1. Overview of International Law31

a. Sources of International Law31

b. Explicit Agreements32

Frederic L. Kirgis, International Agreements and U.S. Law40

Notes42

c. Customary International Law43

d. General Principles of International Law45

Notes and Questions47

Problem 1-348

Notes50

e. Enforcing Human Rights Norms in U.S. Courts51

Kenneth Roth, The Charade of U.S. Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties51

Note53

Jack Goldsmith, Should International Human Rights Law Trump U.S. Domestic Law53

Problem 1-456

Notes56

2. International Institutions58

a. United Nations59

b. The Hague Conference on Private International Law61

c. Council of Europe62

L. v. Finland66

Notes and Questions72

d. European Union77

e. Organization of American States80

f. African Union83

Problem 1-586

Notes and Questions87

Chapter 2 Regulation of Marriage89

A. The Importance of Marriage89

Claude Levi-Strauss, The Family, in Man, Culture, and Society89

Joan A. Metge, Marriage in Modern Maori Society90

B. The Power to Regulate Marriage92

1. Customary Law92

David L. Chambers, Civilizing the Natives: Customary Marriage in Post-Apartheid South Africa93

Notes and Questions95

Suen Toi Lee v. Yau Yee Ping98

Problem 2-199

Kalyton v. Kalyton100

Notes and Questions102

Janet Kabeberi-Macharia & Celestine Nyamu, Marriage by Affidavit: Developing Alternative Laws on Cohabitation in Kenya102

2. Religious Law104

In re Marriage ofVryonis107

Notes and Questions110

3. Constitutional Law113

a. Constitutional Allocation of Power between the Legislative Branches113

b. Constitutional Allocation of Power between the Judiciaries114

Notes and Questions116

4. International Law116

Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR]116

1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery117

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women118

Fact Sheet No. 23, Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children, Office of the High Commission for Human Rights119

Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women120

Report of the Committee on Progress Achieved in the Implementation of the Convention: Note by the Secretariat120

Notes and Questions121

Problem 2-2122

C. Procedural Requirements for Entry into Marriage123

1. France: Age, Consent, Banns, and Compulsory Civil Ceremony123

The French Civil Code (1804)123

Civil Code of Quebec, Book Two125

Notes and Questions126

Karl August Prinz Von Sachsen-Gessaphe, Concubinage in Mexico127

2. The Importance of Formalities128

Chief Adjudication Officer v. Kirpal Kaur Bath128

Notes and Questions130

D. Mail-Order Marriages131

1. The Factual Background132

Robert J. Scholes & Anchalee Phataralaoha, The "Mail-Order Bride" Industry and Its Impact on U.S. Immigration132

Suzanne H. Jackson, Marriages of Convenience: International Marriage Brokers, "Mail-Order Brides," and Domestic Servitude133

Notes and Questions134

Kerry Abrams, Immigration Law and the Regulation of Marriage134

Robert J. Scholes & Anchalee Phataralaoha, The "Mail-Order Bride" Industry and Its Impact on U.S. Immigration135

2. Legal Responses of Countries of Destination137

Suzanne H. Jackson, Marriages of Convenience: International Marriage Brokers, "Mail-Order Brides," and Domestic Servitude137

3. Legal Responses of Countries of Origin139

Republic Act No. 6955 (1990)139

Republic Act No. 9208 (2003)140

Notes and Questions141

4. International Legal Responses142

a. Discrimination against Women142

CEDAW General Recommendation No. 21,?? 16142

b. Trafficking143

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime143

Notes and Questions143

c. Slavery144

Problem 2-4144

Chapter Three Dissolution of Marriage: A Continuing Conundrum147

A. Historical Origins of Western Law of Dissolution: From Customary to Religious to State Control148

Mary Ann Glendon, The Transformation of Family Law148

Notes and Questions153

Notes and Questions155

B. Contemporary Divorce Reform156

1. Modern Divorce Reform in the United States156

Riley v. Riley158

Mo. Ann. Stat. 452.320160

La. Rev. Stat. Ann 9:307161

Problem 3-1163

2. Divorce Reform in England164

Matrimonial Causes Act, 1973, c.18165

Problem 3-2168

Notes and Questions168

3. Divorce Reform in the Republic of Ireland170

Article 41 ?The Family172

McA v. McA173

Problem 3-3175

Notes and Questions176

4. A Glimpse of Divorce Reform Around Europe-And Around the World179

a. Western Europe179

Notes and Questions182

b. East Asia184

Notes and Questions188

c. Africa189

5. The Debate Continues189

C. The Intersection of Religion and the State in Contemporary Regulation of Divorce191

1. Nations Delegating Exclusive Control of Civil Marital Status to the State192

Williams v. Williams192

Note193

Avitzur v. Avitzur194

Notes and Questions195

Marcovitz v. Bruker198

Notes and Questions201

2. Nations Regulating Termination of Marriage through Religious Norms or Institutions203

a. Unitary Systems and Islamic Law203

b. Pluralistic Personal Law Systems206

Notes and Questions206

Problem 3-4209

Problem 3-5210

Chapter 4 Domestic Partnerships and Same-Sex Marriage211

A. Domestic Partnerships211

Kelly Kollman, Same-Sex Unions: The Globalization of an Idea211

Notes and Questions213

Pacte Civil de Solidarite215

Notes and Questions216

Problem 4-1218

B. Same-Sex Marriage219

Notes and Questions221

Minister of Home Affairs and Another v. Fourie224

In re Marriage Cases230

Notes and Questions232

Civil Marriage Act234

Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa236

Notes and Questions237

Problem 4-2238

C. International Human Rights and Same-Sex Couples239

1. The European Court of Human Rights239

Application No. 40016/98 Karner v. Austria239

2. European Union240

Arthur S. Leonard, European Court Victory for Same-Sex Partners241

3. Organization of American States242

4. United Nations Human Rights System243

Introduction to the Yogyakarta Principles244

Problem 4-3246

Chapter 5 Recognition of Foreign Marriages and Divorces247

A. Recognition of Marriages and Alternative Partnerships247

Leszinske v. Poole248

People v. Ezeonu250

Farah v. Farah251

Notes and Questions253

American Airlines, Inc. v. Mejia260

Notes and Questions262

Problems265

B. Recognition of Foreign Marriage Dissolutions and Related Orders267

1. Status Termination267

Maklad v. Maklad267

In the Matter of the Estate of Ian A. Pringle269

Notes and Questions271

T.T.v. K.A.277

2. Property Division and Alimony278

Aleem v. Aleem278

Notes and Questions280

Problems288

Chapter 6 Violence between Family Members291

A. Violence and Context291

1. Differences292

2. Similarities295

Jeffrey Fagan & Angela Brown, Violence between Spouses and Intimates: Physical Aggression between Women and Men in Intimate Relationships295

INS Asylum and Withholding Definitions295

World Health Organization, The World Report on Violence and Health296

Report of the Secretary General, In-Depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women296

World Health Organization, Preventing Violence: A Guide to Implementing the Recommendations of the World Report on Violence and Health296

B. Family Violence as a Human Rights Issue in the United Nations' System297

1. Traditional Human Rights Approaches297

Dorothy Q. Thomas 8c Michele E. Beasley, Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue297

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women299

Jan Arno Hessbruegge, Human Rights Violations Arising From Conduct of Non-State Actors299

The Due Diligence Standard as a Tool for the Elimination of Violence against Women301

Notes and Questions302

2. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women304

Sally Engle Merry, Constructing a Global Law-Violence against Women and the Human Rights System305

Goekce v. Austria306

Notes and Questions311

San Francisco, Ca., 1 Admin. Code ch. 12K, ?12K.3(b)313

3. Convention against Torture313

a. State Responsibility for Private Acts314

Ali v. Reno314

Notes and Questions316

b. Torture318

Rhonda Copelon, Recognizing the Egregious in the Everyday: Domestic Violence as Torture319

Notes and Questions319

4. Platforms for Action, Declarations, and Reports of the Special Rapporteur322

Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol, Sex, Culture, and Rights: A Re/Conceptualization of Violence for the Twenty-First Century322

Notes and Questions323

C. Regional Approaches325

1. Convention of Belem do Para325

Maria da Penha Maia Fernandes326

Notes and Questions334

2. European Convention on Human Rights341

Z and Others v. United Kingdom341

Bevacqua and S. v. Bulgaria342

Notes and Questions346

3. Maputo Protocol349

4. Arab Charter on Human Rights350

D. Customary International Law350

Rhonda Copelon, Recognizing the Egregious in the Everyday: Domestic Violence as Torture350

Notes and Questions351

Problem 6-1353

E. Expanding the Analysis353

1. Female Genital Mutilation: The Practice353

Fact Sheet No. 23, Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children354

2. The Universality of Human Rights357

Katherine Brennan, Note, The Influence of Cultural Relativism on International Human Rights Law: Female Circumcision as a Case Study357

Makau Mutua, Savages, Victims, and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights358

Douglas Lee Donoho, Relativism Versus Universalism in Human Rights: The Search for Meaningful Standards358

Justice Albie Sachs, Introduction to The Changing Family: International Perspectives on the Family and Family Law359

Sally Engle Merry, Constructing a Global Law-Violence against Women and the Human Rights System360

Notes and Questions360

3. National Legal Responses364

a. Egypt's Approach364

Susan A. Dillon, Comment, Yoni in the Land of Isis: Female Genital Mutilation Is Banned (Again) in Egypt364

Notes and Questions367

b. The United States' Approach369

Problem 6-2371

Adoption of Peggy371

Notes and Questions372

In re R-A374

Islam v. Secretary of State for the Home Dep't378

Notes and Questions380

Asylum 8c Withholding Definitions383

Problem 6-3385

Part Two Rights and Responsibilities of Parents, Children, and the State389

Chapter 7 Custody: A Comparative Prologue389

A. Decision-Makers and Private Ordering390

B. Determining "Best Interests"-Permissible Factors and Considerations394

1. Gender395

Bolaji Owasanoye, The Regulation of Child Custody and Access in Nigeria399

Note400

Problem 7-1401

Problem 7-2401

Notes and Questions403

D. Marianne Blair & Merle H. Weiner, Resolving Parental Custody Disputes-A Comparative Exploration403

2. Religion405

Hoffmann v. Austria406

Notes and Questions409

3. Race413

Van de Perre v. Edwards414

Notes and Questions421

4. Children's Preferences422

C v. Finland424

Notes and Questions427

Problem 7-3429

Chapter 8 Child Abduction, Jurisdiction, and Enforcement in International Custody Disputes431

A. The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction432

1. Wrongful Removal and Retention433

a. Habitual Residence433

Mozes v. Mozes433

Notes and Questions439

Problem 8-1440

Problem 8-2441

b. Rights of Custody443

Whallon v. Lynn443

Notes and Questions446

Croll v. Croll449

Notes and Questions455

Problem 8-3458

c. Actual Exercise458

Friedrich v. Friedrich458

Notes and Questions461

2. The Defenses461

a. Grave Risk of Harm461

Blondin v. Dubois461

Blondin v. Dubois464

Blondin v. Dubois469

Notes and Questions471

b. Children's Objection to Return480

England v. England480

Notes and Questions483

c. Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms486

Freier v. Freier487

Notes and Questions488

d. Consent or Acquiescence to the Removal489

In re Ponath489

Notes and Questions490

e. One Year Elapsed from the Date of Wrongful Removal491

Wojcik v. Wojcik491

Lops v. Lops494

Notes and Questions497

Problems499

B. Jurisdiction in International Custody Disputes and Enforcement of Foreign Orders500

1. U.S. Domestic Law501

a. Jurisdictional Bases, Forum Non Conveniens, and Simultaneous Proceedings502

In re Marriage of Reeman and Vikas Sareen502

Notes and Questions506

Problems514

b. Modification and Enforcement Proceedings515

White v. Harrison - White516

Note and Questions519

Susan L. v. Steven L.521

Notes and Questions524

Hosain v. Malik528

Notes and Questions537

Problems540

2. International Conventions542

a. 1996 Convention for the Protection of Children542

Problems544

Notes545

b. Regional Conventions and Regulations545

Notes547

C. Other Remedies to Prevent or Respond to Abduction549

1. Preventative Measures and Immediate Deterrence549

Al-Silham v. Al-Silham549

Notes and Questions551

Long v. Ardestani553

Notes and Questions560

Patricia E. Apy, Managing Child Custody Cases Involving Non-Hague Contracting States563

Notes565

2. Sanctions and Tort Liability567

a. International Parental Kidnaping Crime Act and Other Federal Sanctions567

United States v. Fazal-Ur-Raheman-Fazal567

Notes and Questions571

b. Additional Remedies under State Lawz576

Anyanwu v. Anyanwu576

Notes and Questions582

c. Self Help and Other Options584

Patricia E. Apy, Managing Child Custody Cases Involving Non-Hague Contracting States584

Notes and Questions585

Chapter 9 Financial Support of Children589

A. Who Must Support Children?590

Chartier v. Chartier590

John Eekelaar, Are Parents Morally Obliged to Care for Their Children?594

Notes and Questions596

Problem 9-1599

B. Parent-State Relationship for the Support of Children600

1. Income Transfers/Family Allowances600

Notes and Questions604

Problem 9-2608

2. Child Support Assurance608

Notes and Questions609

Problem 9-3611

3. Departing from the Guidelines611

a. Parents' Ability to Opt-Out of the Child Support Guidelines611

ⅰ. Absence of a Child Support Order612

Close v. Close613

Notes and Questions614

Solangel Maldonado, Deadbeat or Deadbroke: Redefining Child Support for Poor Fathers614

ⅱ. Private Agreements and Child Support Guidelines616

Notes and Questions618

Hyde v. Comm issioner of Inland Reven ue619

b. Courts' Discretion to Depart from the Guidelines621

Lyon v. Wilcox621

Notes and Questions624

Chapter 10 Establishing and Enforcing Child Support Orders Transnationally627

A. U.S. Participation in International Agreements628

1. Foreign Reciprocating Countries628

2. State Reciprocity Arrangements629

3. 2007 Hague Maintenance Convention630

B. Establishing, Enforcing, and Modifying Child Support Orders in U.S. Tribunals on Behalf of Residents of Foreign Nations632

1. Establishing an Initial Support Order635

Gladis v. Gladisova636

Notes640

2. Simultaneous Proceedings641

3. Enforcing a Foreign Order in a U.S. Tribunal642

Country of Luxembourg, on Behalf of Ana Ribeiro v. Canderas642

Notes and Questions645

4. Modification Restrictions653

Grave v. Shubert654

Notes and Questions655

C. Enforcing U.S. Support Orders Abroad661

Problems662

D. Multilateral Child Support Agreements around the Globe665

Note666

Chapter 11 Adoption: A Comparative Exploration669

A. A Glimpse of Adoption across Time and Culture670

Laura J. Schwartz, Models for Parenthood in Adoption Law: The French Conception674

Note and Questions675

B. Termination of Parental Rights676

1. Giving and Revoking Voluntary Consent677

N v. Health Service Executive678

Notes and Questions684

2. Rights of Putative Fathers685

Lehr v. Robertson686

Keegan v. Ireland689

Notes and Questions692

Problem 11-1695

C. Maintaining Links with the Family of Origin695

Cheskes v. Ontario702

I.O'T. v. B.705

Notes and Questions708

Odievre v. France711

Notes and Questions713

Problem 11-2714

Chapter 12 International Adoption717

A. Intercountry Adoption: Benevolent Option or Last Resort?718

Problem 12-1720

Elizabeth Bartholet, International Adoption: Propriety, Prospects and Pragmatics720

Twila Perry, Transracial and International Adoption: Mothers, Hierarchy, Race, and Feminist Legal Theory724

Sara Dillon, Making Legal Regimes for Intercountry Adoption Reflect Human Rights Principles: Transforming the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child with the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption727

David M. Smolin, Intercountry Adoption and Poverty: A Human Rights Analysis729

Susan R. Harris, Race, Search, and My Baby-Self: Reflections of a Transracial Adoptee729

Susan Soon-Keum Cox, Ritual731

Notes and Questions732

D. Marianne Blair, Safeguarding the Interests of Children in Intercountry Adoption: Assessing the Gatekeepers736

Notes and Questions737

Problem 12-2741

B. Regulation of International Adoption by International Conventions742

1. U.N. Conventions742

2. The Hague Intercountry Adoption Convention744

a. Central Authorities744

b. Accredited Agencies and Approved Persons745

c. Convention Requirements for the Adoption Process748

d. Recognition of Convention Adoptions and U.S. Certification Procedures752

Notes and Questions753

Problems758

C. Adopting a Child from Abroad桾he Process760

1. Role of Adoption Agencies and Lawyers760

2. U.S. Immigration Requirements763

a. Eligibility for Immediate Relative Status for an Orphan764

Rogan v. Reno765

Notes and Questions767

b. Eligibility for Immediate Relative Status for a Hague Convention Adoption769

Problem 12-6770

Notes and Questions770

c. Process for Obtaining Orphan and Convention Visas771

Note776

d. Eligibility and Process for Obtaining Immediate Relative Status as an Adopted Child776

Kaho v. Ilchert777

Notes and Questions780

3. Citizenship783

4. Adoption, Readoption, and Recognition of Foreign Orders in U.S. Courts784

a. Initial Adoption in U.S. Court784

b. Readoption in a U.S. Court785

c. Recognition of Foreign Adoption Decrees by U.S. Courts785

Problems786

Chapter 13 Reproductive Rights789

A. Reproductive Rights and Human Rights789

1. International Population Issues789

Reed Boland, Symposium on Population Law: The Environment, Population, and Women's Human Rights791

Paula Abrams, Population Politics: Reproductive Rights and U.S. Asylum Policy792

2. An Overview of Reproductive Rights793

Barbara Stark, Reproductive Rights and Abortion793

Barbara Stark, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop: Abortion in China, Germany, South Africa and International Human Rights793

General Recommendation No. 24, Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women796

Note and Question797

3. The Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa797

Notes and Questions798

B. State Natalist Policies799

1. Pro-Natalist Policies799

Notes and Questions800

2. Anti-Natalist Policies800

a. Iran800

Janet Larsen, Iran's Birth Rate Plummeting at Record Pace: Success Provides a Model for Other Developing Countries800

b. The People's Republic of China802

Constitution of the People's Republic of China803

Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China803

Xiaorong Li, License to Coerce: Violence against Women, State Responsibility, and Legal Failures in China's Family-Planning Program803

Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China805

Information Office of The State Council of the People's Republic of China, Human Rights in China806

Notes and Questions808

Problem 13-1811

Notes and Questions811

More on Asylum812

Notes and Questions813

Problem 13-2814

Problem 13-3814

C. Abortion815

Barbara Stark, Reproductive Rights and Abortion815

Note and Questions815

1. Municipal Approaches816

a. Canada816

b. El Salvador818

c. Lebanon819

Problem 13-4820

Notes and Questions820

2. Regional Approaches821

a. Europe821

b. The Americas822

c. Africa822

Notes and Questions822

3. International Law823

Notes and Questions824

Chapter 14 Children's Human Rights within the Family827

A. Convention on the Rights of the Child827

Jaap E. Doek, What Does the Children's Convention Require?828

Notes and Questions833

Michael King, Against Children's Rights835

B. Children's Rights in the United States and South Africa836

1. Children's Rights in the United States836

Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, The Constitutionalization of Children's Rights: Incorporating Emerging Human Rights into Constitutional Doctrine836

Martin Guggenheim, Ratify the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, But Don't Expect Any Miracles837

Notes and Questions840

2. Children's Rights in South Africa841

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa841

Tshepo L. Mosikatsana, Children's Rights and Family Autonomy in the South African Context: A Comment on Children's Rights under the Final Constitution842

Julia Sloth-Nielsen, Chicken Soup or Chainsaws: Some Implications of the Constitutionalisation of Children's Rights in South Africa843

Notes and Questions844

Government of the Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom847

Notes and Questions862

C. Corporal Punishment865

1. The Committee's General Comment865

The Committee's General Comment on Corporal Punishment865

2. The Special Expert's Report868

Paulo Sergio Penheiro, World Report on Violence against Children868

3. Domestic Law and Law Reform Efforts869

Penny Booth, The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Punishment of Children under English Law-Public and Private Vices?869

Katie Sykes, Bambi Meets Godzilla: Children's and Parent's Rights in Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law870

Penny Booth, The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Punishment of Children under English Law-Public and Private Vices?872

Notes and Questions874

Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties875

Note and Questions876

Committee on the CRC-Comments on State Reports Regarding Corporal Punishment876

Notes and Questions878

Index881