普通话焦点的语音实现和音系分析【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Chapter One Introduction1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Literature review1

1.2.1 Intonational phonology1

1.2.2 Prosodic phonology3

1.2.2.1 Syntax-phonology mapping3

1.2.2.2 Prosodic domains4

1.2.2.3 Properties of prosodic structure5

1.2.3 Focus6

1.2.3.1 Focus from three different angles7

1.2.3.2 Focus in phonetic approach8

1.2.3.3 Focus in phonological approach10

1.3 Significance of the research14

1.4 Basic concepts in this study16

1.4.1 Definition of focus16

1.4.2 Nuclear accent and pre-nuclear accent19

1.4.3 Relative prominence20

1.5 Outline of this research20

Chapter Two Methodology23

2.1 Background and claims23

2.2 Design of acoustic experiment24

2.2.1 Materials selection24

2.2.2 Syntactic structure of target sentence25

2.2.2.1 Unmarked structure25

2.2.2.2 Lian...dou structure27

2.2.2.3 Shi...de structure28

2.2.3 Focus identification29

2.2.3.1 Focus in unmarked structure29

2.2.3.2 Focus conditions in the lian...dou structure34

2.2.3.3 Focus conditions in the shi...de structure38

2.3 Recording procedure40

2.4 Data processing41

2.4.1 Data annotation41

2.4.2 Data extraction42

2.5 Measurement of parameters42

2.5.1 Measurement of F042

2.5.2 Measurement of Duration43

2.6 Perceptual experiment43

2.6.1 Aim of the perceptual experiment43

2.6.2 Stimuli selection44

2.6.3 Procedure46

Chapter Three Phonetic Realization of Accent Patterns in Unmarked Structure48

3.1 Introduction48

3.2 Phonetic realization of constituents in four information categories in unmarked structure51

3.2.1 F0 contour of tonel utterances in four information categories52

3.2.1.1 Overall F0 contour53

3.2.1.2 Statistical analysis56

3.2.2 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in four information categories58

3.2.2.1 Overall F0 contour59

3.2.2.2 Statistical analysis61

3.2.3 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in four information categories63

3.2.3.1 Overall F0 contour64

3.2.3.2 Statistical analysis65

3.2.4 Durational patterns of constituents in four information categories66

3.2.4.1 Duration of subject constituents68

3.2.4.2 Duration of object constituents70

3.2.5 Summary72

3.3 Phonetic realization of double rheme focuses73

3.3.1 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in double rheme focuses73

3.3.2 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in double rheme focuses77

3.3.3 Duration patterns of words in double rheme focuses79

3.3.3.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents79

3.3.3.2 Duration patterns of object constituents81

3.3.4 Summary83

3.4 Phonetic realization of multiple rheme focuses84

3.4.1 F0 patterns of rheme focus on"S+Ad+O"and"S+V+O"86

3.4.2 F0 patterns of rheme focus on"Ad+V+O"and"S+Ad+V"88

3.4.3 Summary90

3.5 Accent and phrasing90

3.5.1 Duration of pauses90

3.5.2 Lengthening93

3.5.3 Prosodic labeling94

3.6 Discussion95

Chapter Four Accent Patterns in 'lian...dou' and 'shi...de' Constructions97

4.1 Introduction97

4.2 Co-existences and conflicts of syntax-marked focus and information induced focus in 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le' and 'Shi+S+V+O+De' constructions103

4.2.1 Phonetic realization of syntax-marked focus104

4.2.1.1 Overall F0 contour of syntax-marked focus105

4.2.1.2 Durational lengthening of syntax-marked focus111

4.2.1.3 Summary113

4.2.2 Addition of the syntax-marked focus with the rheme focus on the same constituent114

4.2.2.1 Overall F0 contour of additive focus116

4.2.2.2 Durational lengthening induced by additive focus120

4.2.2.3 Summary121

4.2.3 Co-existence of two different kinds of focuses on different constituents122

4.2.3.1 Overall F0 contour of two different kinds of focuses123

4.2.3.2 Durational lengthening of two different kinds of focuses127

4.2.3.3 Summary 13l131

4.2.4 Interaction of addition of syntax-marked focus and rheme focus with rheme focus131

4.2.4.1 Overall F0 patterns133

4.2.4.2 Duration patterns136

4.2.4.3 Summary139

4.2.5 Prosodic phrasing of the 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le' construction140

4.2.5.1 Durational distribution of pauses141

4.2.5.2 Lengthening141

4.2.5.3 Prosodic boundary labeling143

4.2.5.4 Summary144

4.3 Co-existence and conflict of syntax-marked focus and information induced focus in 'S+lian+O+dou+V+le' constructions144

4.3.1 F0 contour of rhematic focus constituent after lian-marked focus146

4.3.2 F0 contour of rhematic focus constituent before lian-marked focus148

4.3.3 F0 contour of rhematic focus and addition of lian-marked focus and rhematic focus in one sentence150

4.3.4 Mean duration among the words in various focus conditions151

4.3.4.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents151

4.3.4.2 Duration patterns of object constituents153

4.3.5 Summary155

4.4 Discussion155

Chapter Five Phonological Representation of Accent Patterns in SC158

5.1 Introduction158

5.2 Phonological structure of intonation162

5.2.1 The IPO theory of intonational structure163

5.2.1.1 Basic assumptions of IPO163

5.2.1.2 Phonetic realization164

5.2.2 Pierrehumbert's model of tonal structure164

5.2.2.1 The original model165

5.2.2.2 Pitch accents165

5.2.2.3 Phrase accents166

5.2.2.4 Boundary tones166

5.2.2.5 Framework166

5.2.2.6 Modifications to the original framework167

5.2.3 ToBI labeling system168

5.2.3.1 Tiers in ToBI168

5.2.3.2 Accent inventory in ToBI169

5.2.4 IViE labeling system170

5.2.4.1 Tiers in IViE170

5.2.4.2 Accent inventory in IViE171

5.2.5 Ladd's notation of tonal structure172

5.2.5.1 Types of pitch accents173

5.2.5.2 Post-nuclear accents174

5.2.6 Gussenhoven's representation of tonal structure175

5.2.6.1 Nuclear contours and boundary tones176

5.2.6.2 Pre-nuclear pitch accents176

5.2.6.3 Onsets177

5.2.6.4 Expanding the tonal grammar178

5.3 Intonation structure of SC179

5.3.1 Autosegmetal representation of tone180

5.3.2 Phonological pattern of intonation structure in SC182

5.3.2.1 Types of phonological events182

5.3.2.2 Phonological pattern of accents187

5.3.3 Hierarchical structure of accents187

5.3.4 Underlying causes for restricting the distribution of accents189

5.3.4.1 Focus without accents190

5.3.4.2 Accents without focus190

5.3.4.3 A metrical account of accent distribution191

5.4 Discussion193

Chapter Six OT Analysis of Tonal Structure194

6.1 Introduction194

6.2 Grammatical model of OT195

6.3 Constraints in the analysis196

6.3.1 Markedness constraints196

6.3.2 Faithfulness constraints197

6.3.3 Association constraints197

6.3.4 Alignment constraints198

6.4 OT analysis of accent patterns198

6.4.1 Generation of H* tone199

6.4.2 Generation of L* tone200

6.4.3 Generation of LH* tone202

6.4.4 Generation of H*L tone203

6.5 OT analysis of accent distributions205

6.5.1 Accent on subject position205

6.5.2 Accent on object position207

6.5.3 Accents on subject and object positions208

6.6 OT analysis of prosodic phrasing210

6.7 Discussion211

Chapter Seven Concluding Remarks213

7.1 Major findings213

7.2 The cross-linguistic perspective216

7.3 Suggestions for future research218

Bibliography220

Appendix Sample Sentences233