INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS SIXTH EDITION【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1

1-1 Note to Students1

1-2 Definition of a Fluid3

1-3 Scope of Fluid Mechanics4

1-4 Basic Equations4

1-5 Methods of Analysis5

System and Control Volume5

Differential versus Integral Approach8

Methods of Description8

1-6 Dimensions and Units10

Systems of Dimensions11

Systems of Units11

Preferred Systems of Units13

1-7 Summary13

Problems13

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS17

2-1 Fluid as a Continuum17

2-2 Velocity Field19

One-, Two-, and Three- Dimensional Flows20

Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines21

2-3 Stress Field24

2-4 Viscosity26

Newtonian Fluid28

Non-Newtonian Fluids30

2-5 Surface Tension32

2-6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motion35

Viscous and Inviscid Flows35

Laminar and Turbulent Flows38

Compressible and Incompressible Flows39

Internal and External Flows40

2-7 Summary42

References42

Problems42

CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS52

3-1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics52

3-2 The Standard Atmosphere56

3-3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid57

Incompressible Liquids: Manometers57

Gases63

3-4 Hydraulic Systems66

3-5 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces66

Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface66

Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface74

3.6 Buoyancy and Stability78

3-8 Summary82

References82

Problems83

CHAPTER 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME99

4-1 Basic Laws for a System99

Conservation of Mass99

Newton's Second Law100

The Angular-Momentum Principle100

The First Law of Thermodynamics100

The Second Law of Thermodynamics101

4-2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation101

Derivation102

Physical Interpretation104

4-3 Conservation of Mass105

Special Cases106

4-4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume112

Differential Control Volume Analysis124

Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity129

4-5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration131

4-7 The Angular-Momentum Principle139

Equation for Fixed Control Volume139

4-8 The First Law of Thermodynamics144

Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume144

Control Volume Equation146

4-9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics151

4-10 Summary152

Problems152

CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION184

5-1 Conservation of Mass184

Rectangular Coordinate System184

Cylindrical Coordinate System189

5-2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow193

5-3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)197

Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field197

Fluid Rotation203

Fluid Deformation207

5-4 Momentum Equation211

Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle212

Differential Momentum Equation213

Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stokes Equations213

5-5 Summary222

References223

Problems223

CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW232

6-1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler's Equation232

6-2 Euler's Equations in Streamline Coordinates233

6-3 Bernoulli Equation-Integration of Euler's Equation along a Streamline for Steady Flow237

Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates237

Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates238

Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures239

Applications243

Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation248

6-4 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation249

6-5 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line254

6-8 Summary256

References257

Problems257

CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE273

7-1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations273

7-2 Nature of Dimensional Analysis275

7-3 Buckingham Pi Theorem277

7-4 Determining the Pi Groups278

7-5 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics284

7-6 Flow Similarity and Model Studies286

Incomplete Similarity289

Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters295

Comments on Model Testing298

Summary299

References300

Problems301

CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW310

8-1 Introduction310

PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW312

8-2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow between Infinite Parallel Plates312

Both Plates Stationary312

Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U318

8-3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe324

PART B. FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS328

8-4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow329

8-5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow330

8-6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow334

Kinetic Energy coefficient335

Head Loss335

8-7 Calculation of Head Loss336

Major Loss: Friction Factor336

Minor Losses341

Pumps, Fans, and Blowers in Fluid Systems347

Noncircular Ducts348

8-8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems349

Single-Path Systems350

Multiple-Path Systems364

PART C. FLOW MEASUREMENT369

8-9 Direct Methods369

8-10 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows370

The Orifice Plate373

The Flow Nozzle374

The Venturi376

The Laminar Flow Element376

8-11 Linear flow Meters380

8-12 Traversing Methods382

8-13 Summary383

References383

Problems385

CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW409

PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS410

9-1 The Boundary-Layer Concept410

9-2 Boundary-Layer Thicknesses412

9-4 Momentum Integral Equation415

9-5 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient421

Laminar Flow422

Turbulent Flow426

9-6 Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow430

PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES433

9-7 Drag433

Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: Friction Drag434

Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow: Pressure Drag437

Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder: Friction and Pressure Drag438

Streamlining445

9-8 Lift447

9-9 Summary464

CHAPTER 10 FLUID MACHINERY487

10-1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines487

Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid488

Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid489

10-2 Scope of Coverage490

10-3 Turbomachinery Analysis491

The Angular-Momentum Principle491

Euler Turbomachine Equation491

Velocity Diagrams493

Hydraulic Power501

10-4 Performance Characteristics502

Performance Parameters503

Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed514

Similarity Rules519

Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head524

10-5 Applications to Fluid Systems528

Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid529

Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid561

10-6 Summary571

References572

Problems574

CHAPTER 11 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW589

11-1 Review of Thermodynamics589

11-2 Propagation of Sound Waves596

Speed of Sound596

Types of Flow - The Mach Cone600

11-3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties602

Local Isentopic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas603

11-4 Critical Conditions610

11-5 Summary611

References611

Problems611

CHAPTER 12 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW617

12-1 Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow617

12-2 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas - Area Variation621

Subsonic Flow, M < 1623

Supersonic Flow, M > 1623

Sonic Flow, M = 1624

Reference Stagnation and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas625

Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle631

Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle637

12-3 Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction643

Basic Equations for Adiabatic Flow644

Adiabatic Flow: The Fanno Line645

Fanno-Line Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas649

12-4 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange657

Basic Equations for Flow with Heat Exchange658

The Rayleigh Line659

Rayleigh-Line Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas664

12-5 Normal Shocks669

Basic Equations for a Normal Shock670

Normal Shock Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas672

12-6 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks678

Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle678

12-7 Oblique Shocks and Expansion Waves680

Oblique Shocks680

Isentropic Expansion Waves690

12-8 Summary699

References699

Problems700

APPENDIX A FLUID PROPERTY DATA716

APPENDIX B EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES730

APPENDIX C VIDEOS FOR FLUID MECHANICS731

APPENDIX D SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS733

APPENDIX E FLOW FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW744

APPENDIX F ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY755

APPENDIX G SI UNITS, PREFIXES, AND CONVERSION FACTORS762

Answers to Selected Problems765

Index779