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PART Ⅰ THE DISCIPLINE OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW1

What Is International Criminal Law?2

CHAPTER 1 A Concise History of International Criminal Law7

Introduction: The Genesis Story7

Substantive Law Antecedents to Modern ICL8

Just War: Jus Ad Bellum8

Penal Antecedents: Piracy and Slavery9

International Humanitarian Law13

Efforts to Enforce International Criminal Law18

Pre-World War I: Antecedents18

World War I: A False Start20

The Interwar Period: Efforts to Avert Another World War26

World War II: A Return to First Principles27

Post-World War II: The Cold War Freeze38

Post-Cold War Period: A Renaissance42

CHAPTER 2 Sovereignty, Jurisdiction, and Power49

Creatures of Consent51

The International Criminal Court51

Preconditions for the Exercise of Jurisdiction52

Trigger Mechanisms56

Admissibility58

Consensual Hybrid Tribunals59

Creatures of Coercion64

Nuremberg and Tokyo65

The Ad Hoc International Tribunals65

Imposed Hybrid Tribunals69

Domestic Legal Systems71

Civilian Courts71

Domestic Military Courts77

Extradition, Transfer, Rendition, and Abduction79

Conclusion83

CHAPTER 3 The Making of International Criminal Law85

Treaties88

Customary International Law95

General Principles of Law99

Judicial Decisions102

The Works of Scholars103

"Soft Law"104

Conclusion105

CHAPTER 4 The Internationalization of Crimes107

The Jurisdictional Approach108

The Inter-National Approach109

The Identity Approach110

The Policy Approach113

The Nexus to Armed Conflict Approach114

The Global Stability Approach115

The Dignity Approach116

The Mens Rea Approach118

Conclusion119

CHAPTER 5 The Principle of Legality in International Criminal Law121

NCSL in International Criminal Law124

Responses to NCSL Defenses126

The Applicability of Nullum Crimen Sine Lege in International Criminal Law126

Acts as Malum in Se128

Illegality = Criminality130

Notice Anywhere Is Notice Everywhere133

The Object and Purpose of ICL137

Conclusion141

PART Ⅱ INTERSECTIONS145

CHAPTER 6 The Legal Regulation of Armed Conflict149

Jus Ad Bellum151

The Original Crime of Aggression151

The Modern Crime of Aggression155

Defining the Crime of Aggression156

Preconditions for the Exercise of Jurisdiction159

Including the Crime of Aggression in the ICC Statute163

Jus In Bello165

Triggering International Humanitarian Law166

Conflict Classification169

Choice of Law Implications of Conflict Classification173

Nexus to Armed Conflict175

Protected Persons177

Means and Methods of Warfare180

War Crimes Before the International Criminal Court182

CHAPTER 7 The Crimes of Terrorism185

Terrorism Under International Law186

Terrorism Within the ICC Statute191

The Interface Between Terrorism and War195

Violent Acts Committed Within International Armed Conflicts196

Violent Acts Committed Outside of Armed Conflict197

The Initiation of an International Armed Conflict198

Violent Acts Committed Within Noninternational Armed Conflicts199

The Initiation of a Noninternational Armed Conflict201

The Penal Consequences of Violent Acts Committed Within Noninternational Armed Conflicts203

Prosecuting Acts of Terrorism Before the ICC206

CHAPTER 8 Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity209

Crimes Against Humanity211

Genocide214

The Elements of the Two Crimes216

The Chapeau Elements216

Mens Rea and the Challenge of Specific Intent217

Protected Groups222

Crimes Against Humanity and Armed Conflict229

Policy or Plan231

Enumerated Acts233

Persecution236

Extermination237

Conclusion: Convergence or Distinction?238

CHAPTER 9 Immunities, Amnesties, and Excuses241

Immunities42

Functional and Personal Immunities243

Combatant Immunity246

Immunity Before the ICC249

Immunity and Customary International Law252

Amnesties254

Amnesties Before the Special Court for Sierra Leone254

Amnesties and the ICC Statute255

Interests of Justice256

Complementarity258

Security Council Deferral260

Ne Bis In Idem262

Excuses and Justifications263

Conclusion267

CHAPTER 10 Forms of Individual Responsibility269

Superior Responsibility272

History of the Doctrine273

Superior Responsibility in Treaty Law277

Elements of the Contemporary Doctrine280

Subordination281

Mens Rea283

Actus Reus (Omission)284

Complicity and Joint Criminal Enterprise287

Complicity288

Joint Criminal Enterprise290

CHAPTER 11 International Criminal Law and Its Alternatives: Truth, Justice, Reconciliation, and Memory295

The Objectives of International Criminal Law296

Retribution297

Deterrence298

Rehabilitation300

Peace and Reconciliation302

The Critiques of International Criminal Justice303

Victor's Justice304

Prevention in Lieu of Justice305

Justice and Diplomacy307

Alternatives to International Criminal Justice308

Do Nothing308

Amnesty309

Truth and Investigatory Commissions310

Civil Trials312

State Responsibility314

Jurisdictional Concurrence318

Conclusion321

Endnotes323

Glossary337

Index347