侵权法【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

侵权法PDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

CHAPTER1

§1.1 Why Begin Here?1

§1.4.1 Ownership or Consent 11

Intentional Torts1

Summary of ContentsContents xiiiPreface xxviiIntroduction xxixShort Reference List xxxviiCHAPTER 1 Intentional Torts1

CHAPTER2

CHAPTER3

A．COMPLETED HARMS3

§1.2 The Core Cases of Intent3

§1.3.1 Informal Settings4

CHAPTER4

§1.3 Beyond the Core：The Two Tiers of Intention4

CHAPTER5

Appendix 15

CHAPTER6

CHAPTER7

§1.8 The Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress byExtreme and Outrageous Conduct 17

CHAPTER8

§1.3.2 Formal Settings8

CHAPTER9

§1.3.2.1 Medical Injuries9

§1.3.2.2 Athletic Iniuries9

CHAPTER10

§1.4 Mistake11

CHAPTER11

CHAPTER12

§1.4.2 Mistake as to Consequences13

§1.5 Transferred Intent13

CHA PTER13

§1.6 Assault14

B．HARMS TO OTHER PROTECTED INTERESTS14

CHAPTER14

CHAPTER15

§1.7 Offensive Battery and Offensive Language16

CHAPTER16

CHAPTER17

CHAPTER18

§1.9 False Imprisonment19

CHAPTER19

CHAPTER20

CHAPTER21

CHAPTER22

§1.10.1 History and Scope22

§1.10 Trespass to Land22

§1.10.2 Scope of Possession24

§1.10.3 Vertical Dimensions of Trespass25

§1.10.4 Remedies27

§1.10.5 Defendant s Conduct27

ContentsPrefce27

§1.11 Trespass to Chattels28

Introduction29

§1.12 Conversion31

§1.12.1 Scope of Wrong31

§1.12.2 History33

§1.12.3 Specialized Cases of Conversion34

Short Reference List37

§1.12.4 Remedy37

CHAPTER 2 Defenses to Intentional Harms39

Defenses to Intentional Harms39

§2.1 Introduction and Overview39

§2.3 Proof of Consent40

§2.2 The Role of Consent40

§2.4 Scope of Consent41

§2.5 Overriding Consent42

§2.6 Duress and Fraud42

§2.7.1 Statutory Rape44

§2.7 Consent to Illegal Acts44

§2.7.2 Illegal Prize Fights45

§2.7.3 Voluntary Euthanasia46

§2.8 Incompetence47

§2.9 Insanity50

§2.10 Defense of Person and Property:General51

§2.11 Self-Defense52

§2.12 Defense of Real Property54

§2.12.1 When Defendant is Present55

§2.12.2 Spring Guns56

§2.1 3 Recapture of Chattels and Eviction of Tenants57

§2.14 Necessity59

§2.15 Private Necessity60

§2.15.1 The Privilege60

§2.15.2 Compensation63

§2.16 Public Necessity65

§2.17 General Average Contribution66

§2.18 Rescue of Property67

Strict Liability and Negligence:History69

§3.1 Preliminaries69

CHAPTER 3 Strict Liability and Negligence:History69

§3.2 Early History70

§3.3 Trespass andActions on the Case75

§3.4 The Reformist Impulse78

Strict Liability and Negligence:Conceptual Foundations85

§4.1 The Terms of Debate85

CHAPTER 4 Strict Liability and Negligence:ConceptualFoundations85

§4.2 Stranger Cases:Corrective Justice86

§4.3 Liability and Economic Growth89

§4.4 Efficiency Analysis:The Single Actor91

§4.5 Separate Actor and Victim:Perfect Enforcement93

§4.6 Imperfect Enforcement95

§4.7 Activity Levels and Care Levels96

§8.5 Function and Classification 197

§4.8 Error Costs97

§4.9 The Principles Illustrated99

§4.10 Highway Cases101

§4.11 Consensual Cases102

Negligence:Reasonable Peopleand Unreasonable Risks109

§5.1 The Elements of Negligence109

CHAPTER 5 Negligence:Reasonable People and UnreasonableRisks109

§5.2 Personal Characteristics in Stranger Cases:Intelligenceand Discretion111

§5.3 Knowledge113

§5.4 Beginners and Experts114

§5.5 Coordination with Other Actors115

§5.6 Wealth116

§5.7 Infancy117

§5.8 Old Age119

§5.9 Insanity120

§5.10 Physical Disabilities121

§5.11 Asymmetry Between Negligence andContributory Negligence122

§5.12 Bailments123

§5.13 Guest Statutes126

§5.14 Landowner s Liability129

§5.15 Medical Care129

§5.16 Unreasonable Risks129

§5.17 Emergency and Necessity132

A．CUSTOM135

Negligence:Custom and Statute135

§6.1 General Principles135

CHAPTER 6 Negligence:Custom and Statute135

§6.2 Medical Customs140

§6.3 Informed Consent143

B．STATUTES AND ADMINISTRATIVE RULES146

§6.4 As a Source of Negligence Liability146

§6.5 As a Defense Against Liability155

§6.6 Federal Preemption157

CHAPTER 7 Proof of Negligence163

ProofofNegligence163

§7.1 Judge andJury163

§7.2 Presumptions and Burdens170

§7.3 Res Ipsa Loquitur:Rationale and Historical Background171

§7.4 Identification—or Who Done It173

§7.5 Chain of Custody175

§7.6 Plaintiff s Contribution177

§7.7 Is Negligence the Standard?177

§7.8 When Negligence Is the Standard179

§7.9 Medical Malpractice182

§7.10 Procedural Effects184

CHAPTER 8 Plaintiff s Conduct187

Plaintiff s Conduct187

A．CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE188

§8.1 History and Scope of the Defense188

§8.2.1 Duty189

§8.2 The Elements of Contributory Negligence189

§8.2.2 Standard of Care191

§8.2.3 Causation194

§8.3 Imputed Contributory Negligence194

§8.4 Last Clear Chance195

B．ASSUMPTION OF RISK197

§8.6 Express Assumption of Risk198

§8.6.1 History:Industrial Accidents198

§8.6.2 Modern Applications200

§8.7 Implied Assumption of Risk203

§8.7.1 Industrial Accidents and the FellowServant Rule204

§8.7.2 Modern Applications206

§8.8 Primary and Secondary Assumption of Risk207

C．CONTRIBUTORY AND COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE209

§8.9 The Common Law Bar209

§8.10 Comparative Negligence211

§8.11 Doctrinal Adjustments212

§8.12 The Mechanics of Comparative Negligence214

§8.13 Assessment of the Different Apportionment Rules214

§8.14 Multiple Parties218

Multiple Tortfeasors221

CHAPTER 9 Multiple Tortfeasors221

§9.1 Joint Enterprise and Intentional Harm222

§9.2 Joint Causes223

§9.3 Alternative Liability226

§9.4 Market Share Liability227

§9.5 Contribution230

§9.6 Settling Tortfeasor versus Nonsettling Tortfeasor231

§9.7 Nonsettling Tortfeasor versus Setting Tortfeasor232

§9.8 Indemnification235

§9.9 Vicarious Liability237

§9.10 Scope of Employment240

§9.10.1 Frolic and Detour240

§9.10.2 Intentional Torts241

§9.10.3 Divided Control242

§9.11 Independent Contractors243

CHAPTER 10 Causation247

Causation247

A．CAUSATION-IN-FACT248

§10.1 The Two Sides of Causation248

§10.2 Direct and Indirect Causation248

§10.4 Lost Chance and Probabilities251

§10.3 Negligence and Causation251

§10.5 Medical,Toxic,and Mass Torts254

§10.6 But for Causation258

B．PROXIMATE CAUSATION258

§10.7 Coincidence and Causation260

§10.8 Joint Causation262

§10.9 Directness and Foresight263

§10.10 Causal Intervention:The Last Wrongdoer Test264

§10.11 Modern Causal Theories265

§10.11.1 Normal Forces265

§10.11.2 Acts Under Compulsion266

§10.11.3 Intervening Actions267

§10.11.4 Natural Events269

§10.12 Foreseeability269

§10.13 Foreseeable Plaintiffs272

C．SPECIAL CASES273

§10.14 Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress(NIED)273

§10.15 Emotional Distress Without Physical Impact274

§10.16 Direct Victims279

§10.17 NIED:Final Assessment280

§10.18 Prenatal Injuries281

§10.19 Wrongful Life and Wrongful Birth282

Affirmative Duties285

§11.1 Marking the Field285

CHAPTER 11 Affirmative Duties285

§11.2 The Duty to Rescue287

§11.3 Specialized Duties to Rescue290

§11.3.1 Tort-like Exceptions291

§11.3.2 Voluntary Undertakings292

§11.3.3 Special Relationships295

§11.3.3.1 When Does the Duty Arise?297

§11.3.3.2 ToWhom Is the DutyOwed?298

§11.3.3.3 Level of Precautions298

§11.3.3.4 Causation299

§11.4 Evaluation300

§11.3.3.5 Plaintiff s Conduct300

§11.5 Prevention of Harm by Third Parties303

§11.6 Constitutional Overtones306

Owner s and Occupier s Liability309

CHAPTER 12 Owner s and Occupier s Liability309

§12.1 Liability of Occupier to Persons Offthe Property310

§12.2 Entrants on the Land:Classification312

§12.3 Trespassers313

§12.4 Liabilities of Nonowners to Trespassers317

§12.5 Child Trespassers318

§12.6 Licensees—At Common Law320

§12.7 Licensees—By Statute322

§12.8 Invitees323

§12.9 Landlord and Tenant324

§12.10 Privileged Entrants327

§12.11 Challenges to the Common Law Classification329

CHAPTER 13 Traditional Strict Liability333

Traditional Strict Liability333

§13.1 Fire334

§13.2.1 Domestic and Wild Animals336

§13.2 Animals336

§13.2.2 Cattle Trespass341

§13.2.3 Fencing343

§13.3 Ultrahazardous or Abnormally Dangerous Activities344

§13.4 Causation and Defenses351

Nuisance355

A．PRIVATE NUISANCES355

§14.1 Background and General Principles355

CHAPTER 14 Nuisance355

§14.2 The Basic Tort358

§14.3 The Act Requirement358

§14.4 Basis ofLiability360

§14.5 Causation363

§14.6 Affirmative Defenses363

§14.6.1 Extrasensitivity363

§14.6.2 Coming to the Nuisance365

§14.7 Remedies366

§14.7.1 Damages367

§14.7.2 Injunctions369

§14.8 Multiple Parties and Transactional Obstacles371

§14.9 Nonactionable Physical Invasions372

§14.10 Noninvasive Nuisances375

§14.11 General Principles378

B．PUBLIC NUISANCES378

CHAPTER 15 Products Liability:Theory and History381

Products Liability:Theory and History381

§15.1 Background and Origins:Setting the Stage381

§15.2 Warranties in a Contract World382

§15.3 Privity and Remote Plaintiffs384

§15.4 Early Warranty Law385

§15.5 Nineteenth Century Privity386

§15.6 From Negligence to Strict Liability389

§15.7 Implied Warranty392

CHAPTER 16 Modern Products Liability Law395

Modern Products Liability Law395

A．COVERED TRANSACTIONS395

§16.1 Modern Overview395

§16.2 What Is a Product?396

§16.3 Proper Defendants:The Cast of Characters397

§16.4 Wholesalers,Distributors,and Retailers399

§16.5 Successor Liability400

§16.6 Resellers of Used and Reconditioned Products402

§16.7 Potential Plaintiffs403

§16.8 Covered Harms404

§16.9 General Considerations406

§16.10 Manufacturing Defects406

B．PRODUCT DEFECTS406

§16.11 Design Defects407

§16.11.1 Evolution407

§16.1 1.2 Open and Obvious Dangers408

§16.11.3 Consumer Expectations409

§16.11.4 Statutory Standards411

§16.11.5 State ofthe Art411

§16.11.6 Reasonable Alternative Designs412

§16.11.7 Cautionary Words414

§16.12 Warnings and Instructions416

§16.12.1 Relation to Design Defects416

§16.12.2 The Reasonableness Standard418

§16.12.3 The Scope of the Duty:Who and Whom?418

§16.12.4 The Scope ofthe Duty:How?419

§16.12.5 Duty to Warn:What?421

§16.12.6 When?424

§16.13 Express Misrepresentations425

§16.14 Causation425

§16.14.1 General425

§16.14.2 Manufacturing Defects426

§16.14.3 Design Defects428

§16.14.4 Warnings and Instructions428

C．DEFENSES429

§16.15 Plaintiff s Conduct429

§16.16 Waivers and Disclaimers432

§16.17 Federal Preemption433

CHAPTER 17 Damages435

A．ACTUAL DAMAGES435

§17.1 The Role ofTort Damages435

Damages435

§17.2 Nonpecuniary Injuries437

§17.3 Medical Expenses441

§17.4 Economic Losses:Lost Earnings443

§17.5 Imputed Income443

§17.6 Future Losses444

§17.6.1 Longevity444

§17.6.2 Discounting445

§17.6.3 Inflation445

§17.6.4 Structured Settlements447

§17.7 Mitigation of Damages447

§17.8 Taxation of Damages448

§17.9 Collateral Sources449

§17.10 Loss of Consortium451

§17.11 Wrongful Death453

§17.11.1 Creation453

§17.11.2 Damages455

§17.12 Survival Actions457

B．PUNITIVE DAMAGES458

§17.13 Overview458

§17.14 Theoretical Justifications458

§17.15 Vicarious Liability462

§17.16 MassTorts464

§17.17 Legislative Reforms464

§17.18 Constitutional Challenges465

Defamation467

A．THEORY AND HISTORY467

§18.1 A Triangular Tort467

CHAPTER 18 Defamation467

§18.2 History of Defamation470

§18.3 Publication473

B．ELEMENTS OF THE CAUSE OF ACTION473

§18.3.1 General Requirements473

§18.3.2 Republication475

§18.3.3 Mass Publication477

§18.4 What Is Defamation?478

§18.4.1 Hatred,Contempt,and Ridicule478

§18.4.2 Known Falsehoods482

§18.4.3 Injurious Falsehood482

§18.4.4 Product Disparagement483

§18.4.5 Fact versus Opinion484

§18.4.6 Actual or Intended Audience486

§18.5 Of and Concerning the Plaintiff487

§18.6 Group Libel489

§18.7 Basis of Liability490

§18.8 Libel and Slander492

§18.8.1 Origins492

§18.8.2 Slander Per Se493

§18.8.3 Libel Per Se and Libel Per Quad493

§18.8.4 Contemporary Survival494

§18.9 Truth495

§18.10 Damages:General and Special497

§18.11 Other Remedies501

§18.11.1 Self-Help501

§18.11.2 Declaratory Judgment502

§18.11.3 Injunctions502

§18.11.4 Retraction502

§18.11.5 Punitive Damages503

§18.12 Privileges of the Private Sphere504

C．DEFENSES504

§18.13 Privileges in the Public Sphere508

§18.14 Record Libel510

§18.15 Fair Comment at Common Law512

§18.16.1 Public Officials513

§18.16 Constitutional Privilege513

§18.16.2 Public Figures516

Privacy519

§19.1 Background and History519

CHAPTER 19 Privacy519

§19.2 Intrusion Upon Seclusion522

§19.2.1 As Trespasses to Real and Personal Property523

§19.2.2 Invasion of Privacy in the Absence of Trespass528

§19.3 Appropriation of Name or Likeness:The Rightof Publicity530

§19.3.1 Basic Theory530

§19.3.2 For Advertising and the Purposes of Trade532

§19.3.3 Meaning of Name or Likeness534

§19.3.4 Protection After Death536

§19.4 Embarrassing Disclosure of Private Facts538

§19.5 False Light542

Misrepresentation545

A．FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION545

§20.1 Misrepresentation:Tort or Contract?545

CHAPTER 20 Misrepresentation545

§20.2 Fraud:History and Basic Cause ofAction549

§20.3 Statements of Fact,Opinion,Intention,and Law550

§20.4 Concealment552

§20.5 Nondisclosure553

§20.6 Parties Protected559

§20.7 Basis of Liability:The Requirement of Scienter560

§20.8 Causation561

§20.9 Materiality or Justifiable Reliance563

§20.10 Plaintiff s Conduct565

§20.11 Damages in Fraud Cases565

§20.12 The Elements of the Tort568

B．NEGLIGENT MISREPRESENTATION568

§20.13 From Fraud to Negligence:Why?569

§21.1 Introduction and Overview575

CHAPTER 21 Economic Harms575

Economic Harms575

§21.2 Elements and Origins578

A．INDUCEMENT OF BREACH OF CONTRACT578

§21.3 Justifications for the Tort:The Role of Efficient Breach579

§21.4 Elements of Inducement of Breach of Contract582

§21.4.1 Contracts Covered582

§21.4.2 Contracts At Will583

§21.4.3 Inducement586

§21.4.4 Proper Parties587

§21.4.5 Malice588

§21.4.6 Causation588

§21.4.7 Remedies589

§21.5 Privileges for the Inducement of Breach590

B．UNFAIR COMPETITION594

§21.6 Interference with Prospective Advantage594

§21.7 Malice and Combination596

§21.8 Disparagement and Passing-Off600

§21.9 Appropriation602

C．NEGLIGENT INFLICTION OF ECONOMIC LOSS606

§21.10 The Basic Problem606

§21.11 Interference with Existing Contracts607

§21.12 Pure Economic Loss to Strangers608

Immunities611

CHAPTER 22 Immunities611

§22.1 A Polyglot Lot611

§22.2 Husband and Wife613

A．PRIVATE IMMUNITIES613

§22.3 Parent and Child615

§22.4 Charitable Immunity617

B．IMMUNITIES IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE619

§22.5 Background and History619

§22.6 Federal Sovereign Immunity620

§22.6.1 History and Structure620

§22.6.2 Discretionary Function621

§22.6.3 Miscellaneous Torts624

§22.6.4 Incident to Military Service625

§22.7 State Governments627

§22.8 Local Governments628

§22.9 Statutory Immunities for State and Local Governments630

§22.10 Constititional Torts633

§22.11 Official Immunity634

§22.12 A Final Assessment637

Table of Cases641

Table of Cases641

Bibliography669

Bibliography669

Table ofRestatement Provisions681

Table ofRestatement Provisions681

Index689

Index689