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CHAPTER 1 : Introduction: Moral Rights in the Virtual Age1

A.Moral Rights: Theory and Purpose7

1.The Doctrine of Moral Rights7

a.The Author7

b.The Work8

c.A Special Relationship9

2.Legal Implications9

a.The Protection of"Moral" Interests9

b.Attribution and integrity11

c.International Protection12

d.Characteristics of Moral Rights14

i.Independence of Moral and Economic Rights14

ii.Perpetual Protection15

iii.Inalienability and the Possibility ofWaiving Moral Rights16

3.Practical implications17

a.Economic Consequences of Moral Rights18

b.Public Policy: The Dissemination of Knowledge18

B.Moral Rights in the Digital Context19

1.Conceptual Challenges20

a.Authorship: Human or Machine?20

b.The Disintegration of the Work22

c.Fame:A Relicofthe Past?23

2.Enforcement Difficulties26

C.Scope and Structure of this Study28

CHAPTER 2: Moral Rights: History of an Idea31

A.Principles of Interpretation: Legal Virtuosity and Its Limits44

B.Origins of the Doctrine49

C.Moral Rights at Home: France51

1.An Unresolved Past: Moral Rights and Revolutionary Ideals53

2.The Modern Doctrine: A Controversial Model Law59

a.The Pre-Eminence of Moral Rights60

b.Les droits moraux: The Rights Defined64

i.Disclosure65

ii.Withdrawal66

iii.Integrity vs.Reputation: Proof66

iv.Criticism67

c.Le dualisme: The Theory of Protection and Its Practical Effects67

i.Inalienability and the Prohibition of Waivers68

ii.Permanent Protection69

d.Technological Features69

i.Audiovisual Works70

ii.Computer Programs71

iii.Moral Rights Reforms71

iv.Defenses to a Moral Rights Claim: Parody and Pastiche72

e.Conclusions73

D.German Moral Rights: Romance of a Theory75

1.The Birth of Monism76

2.Monism in Practice77

3.The Modern Moral Rights: Germany and Austria82

4.Historical and Cultural Context: The Nazi Past and the Significance of Reputation85

5.Conclusion88

E.Great Britain: Second Thoughts—The Reasons Behind an Early Rejection of Moral Rights88

1.Early History and the Statute of Anne, 171092

a.Early Recognition of a Moral Copyright: Millar v.Taylor (1769)94

b.Protecting Free Speech: Moral Rights Revisited in Donaldson v.Beckett (1774)99

c.Modern Approach100

i.Moral Rights in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988104

ii.Practical Difficulties105

iii.Inalienability and Waiver106

iv.Conceptual Confusion107

v.Conclusions: The Birth of the Common Law Approach108

F.Conclusion110

CHAPTER 3: A Theory in Flux: The Evolution in Progress of Moral Rights115

A.Spread of the Doctrine: Moral Rights and the Common Law119

1.Canada: A Country in Transition122

a.A Common Law Pioneer123

b.Innovation and Convention: Attribution, Integrity,and Association127

c.Opportunities and Limitations: The Visual Arts128

d.Inalienability and the Canadian Penchant to Waive129

e.A Drought in the Courts130

f.Theoretical Confusion and Its Practical Effects: Monism vs.Dualism130

g.Canadian Copyright Reform: Moral Rights for Performers and an Opportunity Missed?134

h.Conclusions136

2.The United States: A Difficult Future?137

a.Moral Rights and the Berne Convention: Chronic Dissatisfaction139

i.From Shostakovich to Dastar: The Moral Rights Landscape in the United States142

(a) Shostakovich: The Integrity of the Public Domain142

(b) Dastar: Limits on Alternate Legal Mechanisms for Moral Rights144

ii.Better to be Foreign: National Treatment as a Way Out?148

b.Conclusions150

3.Australia and a Moral Right in Indigenous Culture151

B.Growth of the Doctrine: Moral Rights and Developing Jurisdictions157

1.India and Other British Colonies: Common Law, or Not?163

2.Moral Rights and the Protection of Culture: Indian Copyright Law164

a.History of the Indian Right of Integrity167

b.Independence from Economic Rights168

c.Term of Protection and Inheritance of Moral Rights169

d.Remedies172

e.Judicial Chivalry: The Practical Dynamics of India's Moral Rights172

f.AmarNath Sehgal: Duties of the Government174

i.Interim Ruling: 1992175

(a) Right to Prevent Destruction175

(b) Duty of Care of the Government176

(c) Amendments to the Copyright Act176

ii.Final Ruling:2005178

g.Proposed Amendments: The Copyright Bill of 2010179

3.Conclusion180

C.Moral Rights and "Honor" in a New Technological Society: Japan181

D.Moral Rights and Creative Freedom: Post-Socialist Countries and the Example of Russia186

1.Russia's Place in the Post-Socialist World188

2.Moral Rights in Transition:The 1991 USSR Fundamentals of Civil Legislation192

a.Publication and Use193

b.Authorship and Name194

c.Integrity as Inviolability194

d.Inalienability and Inheritance194

e.Duration195

f.Performers195

3.International Influence: The Copyright Act of 1993196

a.Dualism196

b.Duration of Protection: Perpetual Moral Rights and the Question of Inheritance198

c.Moral Rights in the Public Domain: Domaine publicpayant199

d.Reputation vs.Integrity200

e.Performers' Moral Rights202

f.Droit de suite for the Visual Arts202

g.Disclosure in the Post-Socialist Context203

4.Programmers' Moral Rights: The Law on ComputerPrograms and Databases and the Recognition of Scientists203

S.Return to the Future: The 2008 Civil Code Provisions on Copyright205

a.Moral Rights in the Civil Code: General Provisions207

b.General Principles209

c.Copyright211

i.Moral Rights Defined211

ii.Special Features213

iii.Moral Rights vs.Exclusive Rights214

iv.Moral Rights and Technology214

v.Fair Use and Parody215

vi.Visual Art216

d.Neighboring Rights216

e.Patents217

6.Continuing Improvements to Moral Rights in Russia217

7.A New Moral Right in Russian Law:The Renewal of Copyright Terms for Rehabilitated Authors219

8.Conclusion221

E.Conclusion:The Modern Doctrine222

CHAPTER 4: Moral Rights in the International Copyright Regime227

A.The International Copyright Regime: An Overview228

B.First Principles: International Copyright in Practice233

1.Minimum Standards233

2.National Treatment235

a.Practical Implications235

b.Choice of Law237

c.Most-Favored-Nation238

C.The Global Status of Moral Rights239

1.The Berne Convention: An Uneasy Compromise239

a.The Age of Authorship: The Original Text of 1928239

i.Literary Language242

ii.Legal Language243

b.The Era of Trade: Moral Rights in a Commercial Age244

c.The Technological Era: Moral Rights and the Unknown247

2.The TRIPs Agreement: Reality or lllusion?250

3.Moral Rights in the Digital Age: The WlPO Treaties258

a.The WCT: A Digital Right of Disclosure259

b.The WPPT: Dissemination is the New Creation263

4.The European Union: Unfulfilled Promise272

5.Bilateral Agreements: A Deceptive Way Forward277

D.Conclusion279

CHAPTER 5: The Programmer as Author: Moral Rights in Information Technology283

A.Computer Software284

1.Legal Position: A New Kind of"Literary Work"287

2.Moral Rights: An Awkward Silence290

3.National Approaches: A Search for Balance291

4.Programmers: A Special Case?297

5.The Software Industry: Practical Fallout?302

6.Infringement of Moral Rights in Software303

7.Should Waivers of Moral Rights be Allowed?307

8.Conclusions308

B.Technology Meets Art: Moral Rights and New Artistic Creation309

1.New Technologies for Creation:The Computer-Generated Work309

2.New Kinds of Works: Appropriation Art312

3.The Problems of Authorship314

a.Programmer as Author314

b.Performer as Author315

c.Audience as Author315

C.Recommendations316

D.Conclusion318

CHAPTER 6: More Than Musicians: Moral Rights and Digital Issues in Music321

A.Creation or Production? Moral Rights and New Musical Techniques327

1.Sampling328

2.Mixing330

3.Production332

4.Electronic Music337

B.Communication338

1.File-sharing: Moral Rights in the Grip of Illegality340

2.Downloading: Moral Rights as a Corporate Obligation345

3.Global Licensing: Moral Rights and Overgeneralizations349

C.Mobile Technology: Music in a New Form353

1.Moral Rights and Media Neutrality353

2.Moral Rights in Mobile Ringtones356

a.Integrity ofa Ringtone: Germany Leads the Way357

i.Excerpts357

ii.Modifications358

b.Licensing: Who Speaks on Moral Rights?359

c.Attribution361

D.Performers: The New Authors362

1.Live Performance: The Moral Rights of Composer and Performer364

2.Recording and Broadcasting367

3."Audiovisual Works:" A Necessary Exception?369

E.Recommendations371

F.Conclusion:The Public Interest in Music373

CHAPTER 7: Twenty-First Century Classics: Film and the Complexities of the Collaborative Work375

A.Commerce Meets Creation: Authorship of a Film380

B.The Film as a Derivative Work: An Argument Against Moral Rights?394

C.Practical Challenges: Film Litigation in India and France397

1.India: Moral Rights in a Culture of Adaptation403

a.Producer vs.Author: Mannu Bhandari403

i.Moral Rights and Film Contracts407

ii."Certain Modifications"408

iii.Remedies410

iv.Cultural Heritage411

b.Digital Re-creation:AnandPatwardhan413

2.Colorization: Producers vs.Directors in France415

D.Digital Technology: Film as a Technological Work421

1.Editing, Creative Allusion, and Re-use: From Fan Films to Family Movies421

2.Internet and the Communication of Films429

3.Fame Beyond the Grave: Reviving Deceased Actors432

E.Recommendations432

F.Conclusion435

CHAPTER 8: The Virtual Museum: Moral Rights in Art and Artefacts437

A.Special Rights and Privileges? Unique Moral Rights for Visual Art439

B.Sanctum Sanctorum: Originality and the Special Status of Art449

C.Moral Rights and Traditional Art: The Legal Paradox of Living Traditions453

D.Artworks and Artefacts: Intellectual Property or Cultural Property?455

1.Property or Heritage?456

2.Moral Rights and the Life-Cycle of an Artwork458

a.Phase 1: Intellectual Property459

b.Phase 2: Post Mortem Auctoris459

c.Phase 3: Cultural Property and Moral Rights462

i.Works in Copyright464

ii.The Public Domain: Shiva Nataraja's Rights of "Attribution" and "Integrity"466

(a) Legal Issues Assessed by the Courts470

(i) Title471

(ii) Legal Capacity under Local Law472

(iii) "Juristic Entity"in English Law472

(b) A Moral Rights Perspective474

E.Moral Rights and Modern Art: The Transition to Virtual Galleries476

1.Digital Images: New Technology to Reach Old Masters476

2.Building Virtual Galleries479

3.Artistic Innovation: From Collages to Parodies481

F.Recommendations483

G.Conclusion484

CHAPTER 9: Friends or Enemies? Moral Rights and Open Access487

A.Creative Commons: Implicit Recognition of Moral Rights496

1.Copyright Infringement and Creative Commons: License or Contract?497

2.The Basic License: Attribution Affirmed499

3.The Creation of Derivative Works: Integrity or Attribution?500

4.Reputation: The Heart of Open Access502

5.The Dark Side of Open Access: Art as a Profession in Decline503

B.Open Access: A Practical Need for Moral Rights506

C.Collective Creation: Moral Rights and Web 2.0513

D.Ownership of Open Source? Google Books and the Alternatives519

E.Freedom to Create: The Price and Promise of Copyleft Movements525

F.Recommendations529

G.Conclusion532

CHAPTER 10: Conclusion: Moral Rights and the Future of Copyright Law533

INDEX537