Aircraft propulsion【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1Introduction1

1.1 History of Airbreathing Jet Engine，a Twentieth Century Invention—The Beginning1

1.2 Innovations in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines4

1.2.1 Multispool Configuration4

1.2.2 Variable Stator4

1.2.3 Transonic Compressor5

1.2.4 Low-Emission Combustor6

1.2.5 Turbine Cooling7

1.2.6 Exhaust Nozzles7

1.2.7 Modern Materials and Manufacturing Techniques8

1.3 New Engine Concepts9

1.3.1 Wave Rotor Topping Cycle9

1.3.1.1 Humphrey Cycle versus Brayton Cycle9

1.3.2 Pulse Detonation Engine （PDE）11

1.3.3 Millimeter-Scale Gas Turbine Engines：Triumph of MEMS11

1.3.4 Combined Cycle Propulsion：Engines from Takeoff to Space11

1.4 New Vehicles13

1.5 Summary14

1.6 Roadmap for the Book14

References15

Problems16

2Compressible Flow with Friction and Heat：A Review17

2.1 Introduction17

2.2 A Brief Review of Thermodynamics18

2.3 Isentropic Process and Isentropic Flow23

2.4 Conservation Principles for Systems and Control Volumes23

2.5 Speed of Sound ＆ Mach Number29

2.6 Stagnation State32

2.7 Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow35

2.8 Area-Mach Number Relationship38

2.9 Sonic Throat39

2.10 Waves in Supersonic Flow42

2.11 Normal Shocks43

2.12 Oblique Shocks47

2.13 Conical Shocks52

2.14 Expansion Waves55

2.15 Frictionless，Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat Transfer58

2.16 Adiabatic Flow of a Calorically Perfect Gas in aConstant-Area Duct with Friction67

2.17 Friction （Drag） Coefficient，Cf and D’Arcy Friction Factor fD79

2.18 Dimensionless Parameters80

2.19 Fluid Impulse83

2.20 Summary of Fluid Impulse89

References90

Problems90

3Engine Thrust and Performance Parameters97

3.1 Introduction97

3.1.1 Takeoff Thrust103

3.2 Installed Thrust—Some Bookkeeping Issues on Thrust and Drag103

3.3 Engine Thrust Based on the Sum of Component Impulse108

3.4 Rocket Thrust110

3.5 Airbreathing Engine Performance Parameters112

3.5.1 Specific Thrust112

3.5.2 Specific Fuel Consumption and Specific Impulse112

3.5.3 Thermal Efficiency113

3.5.4 Propulsive Efficiency116

3.5.5 Engine Overall Efficiency and Its Impact on Aircraft Range and Endurance119

3.6 Summary121

References122

Problems122

4Gas Turbine Engine Cycle Analysis127

4.1 Introduction127

4.2 The Gas Generator127

4.3 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines128

4.3.1 The Turbojet Engine128

4.3.1.1 The Inlet129

4.3.1.2 The Compressor133

4.3.1.3 The Burner139

4.3.1.4 The Turbine143

4.3.1.5 The Nozzle151

4.3.1.6 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine158

4.3.1.7 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine165

4.3.1.8 The Overall Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine167

4.3.1.9 Performance Evaluation of a Turbojet Engine167

4.3.2 The Turbojet Engine with an Afterburner168

4.3.2.1 Introduction168

4.3.2.2 Analysis171

4.3.2.3 Optimum Compressor Pressure Ratio for Maximum （Ideal） Thrust Turbojet Engine with Afterburner174

4.3.3 The Turbofan Engine179

4.3.3.1 Introduction179

4.3.3.2 Analysis of a Separate-Exhaust Turbofan Engine179

4.3.3.3 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine184

4.3.3.4 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine185

4.4 Analysis of a Mixed-Exhaust Turbofan Engine with an Afterburner190

4.4.1 Mixer190

4.4.2 Cycle Analysis193

4.4.2.1 Solution Procedure193

4.5 The Turboprop Engine203

4.5.1 Introduction203

4.5.2 Cycle Analysis204

4.5.2.1 The New Parameters204

4.5.2.2 Design Point Analysis205

4.5.2.3 Optimum Power Split Between the Propeller and the Jet209

4.6 Summary213

References214

Problems214

5Aircraft Engine Inlets and Nozzles225

5.1 Introduction225

5.2 The Flight Mach Number and Its Impact on Inlet Duct Geometry226

5.3 Diffusers227

5.4 An Ideal Diffuser227

5.5 Real Diffusers and their Stall Characteristics228

5.6 Subsonic Diffuser Performance230

5.7 Subsonic Cruise Inlet234

5.8 Transition Ducts244

5.9 An Interim Summary for Subsonic Inlets245

5.10 Supersonic Inlets246

5.10.1 Isentropic Convergent-Divergent Inlets246

5.10.2 Methods to Start a Supersonic Convergent-Divergent Inlet249

5.10.2.1 Overspeeding250

5.10.2.2 Kantrowitz-Donaldson Inlet251

5.10.2.3 Variable-Throat Isentropic C-D Inlet252

5.11 Normal Shock Inlets254

5.12 External Compression Inlets256

5.12.1 Optimum Ramp Angles259

5.12.2 Design and Off-Design Operation259

5.13 Variable Geometry—External Compression Inlets261

5.13.1 Variable Ramps262

5.14 Mixed-Compression Inlets262

5.15 Supersonic Inlet Types and Their Performance—A Review264

5.16 Standards for Supersonic Inlet Recovery265

5.17 Exhaust Nozzle266

5.18 Gross Thrust267

5.19 Nozzle Adiabatic Efficiency267

5.20 Nozzle Total Pressure Ratio268

5.21 Nozzle Pressure Ratio （NPR） and Critical Nozzle Pressure Ratio （NPRcrit.）268

5.22 Relation between Nozzle Figures of Merit，ηn and πn269

5.23 A Convergent Nozzle or a De Laval？270

5.24 The Effect of Boundary Layer Formation on Nozzle Internal Performance272

5.25 Nozzle Exit Flow Velocity Coefficient272

5.26 Effect of Flow Angularity on Gross Thrust274

5.27 Nozzle Gross Thrust Coefficient Cfg277

5.28 Overexpanded Nozzle Flow—Shock Losses278

5.29 Nozzle Area Scheduling，A8 and A9/A8281

5.30 Nozzle Exit Area Scheduling，A9/A8283

5.31 Nozzle Cooling285

5.32 Thrust Reverser and Thrust Vectoring287

5.33 Hypersonic Nozzle292

5.34 Exhaust Mixer and Gross Thrust Gain in a Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine294

5.35 Nozzle-Turbine （Structural） Integration296

5.36 Summary of Exhaust Systems297

References298

Problems300

6Combustion Chambers and Afterburners308

6.1 Introduction308

6.2 Laws Governing Mixture of Gases310

6.3 Chemical Reaction and Flame Temperature312

6.4 Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Composition321

6.4.1 The Law of Mass Action322

6.4.2 Equilibrium Constant Kp324

6.5 Chemical Kinetics332

6.5.1 Ignition and Relight Envelope333

6.5.2 Reaction Timescale333

6.5.3 Flammability Limits335

6.5.4 Flame Speed337

6.5.5 Flame Stability339

6.5.6 Spontaneous Ignition Delay Time344

6.5.7 Combustion-Generated Pollutants345

6.6 Combustion Chamber345

6.6.1 Combustion Chamber Total Pressure Loss347

6.6.2 Combustor Flow Pattern and Temperature Profile355

6.6.3 Combustor Liner and Its Cooling Methods356

6.6.4 Combustion Efficiency359

6.6.5 Some Combustor Sizing and Scaling Laws360

6.6.6 Afterburner363

6.7 Combustion-Generated Pollutants368

6.7.1 Greenhouse Gases，CO2 and H2O368

6.7.2 Carbon Monoxide，CO，and Unburned Hydrocarbons，UHC369

6.7.3 Oxides of Nitrogen，NO and NO2370

6.7.4 Smoke370

6.7.5 Engine Emission Standards372

6.7.6 Low-Emission Combustors373

6.7.7 Impact of NO on the Ozone Layer377

6.8 Aviation Fuels379

6.9 Combustion Instability：Screech382

6.9.1 Screech Damper383

6.10 Summary383

References384

Problems385

7Axial Compressor Aerodynamics389

7.1 Introduction389

7.2 The Geometry389

7.3 Rotor and Stator Frames of Reference390

7.4 The Euler Turbine Equation392

7.5 Axial-Flow Versus Radial-Flow Machines394

7.6 Axial-Flow Compressors and Fans395

7.6.1 Definition of Flow Angles397

7.6.2 Stage Parameters399

7.6.3 Cascade Aerodynamics410

7.6.4 Aerodynamic Forces on Compressor Blades423

7.6.5 Three-Dimensional Flow430

7.6.5.1 Blade Vortex Design431

7.6.5.2 Three-Dimensional Losses442

7.6.5.3 Reynolds Number Effect446

7.7 Compressor Performance Map448

7.8 Compressor Instability—Stall and Surge451

7.9 Multistage Compressors and Their Operating Line455

7.10 Multistage Compressor Stalling Pressure Rise and Stall Margin459

7.11 Multistage Compressor Starting Problem467

7.12 The Effect of Inlet Flow Condition on Compressor Performance470

7.13 Isometric and Cutaway Views of Axial-Flow Compressor Hardware473

7.14 Compressor Design Parameters and Principles475

7.14.1 Blade Design—Blade Selection478

7.14.2 Compressor Annulus Design480

7.14.3 Compressor Stall Margin480

7.15 Summary488

References490

Problems492

8Centrifugal Compressor Aerodynamics498

8.1 Introduction498

8.2 Centrifugal Compressors499

8.3 Radial Diffuser512

8.4 Inducer515

8.5 Inlet Guide Vanes （IGVs） and Inducer-less Impellers518

8.6 Impeller Exit Flow and Blockage Effects519

8.7 Efficiency and Performance520

8.8 Summary522

References523

Problems524

9Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbines527

9.1 Introduction527

9.2 Axial-Flow Turbines527

9.2.1 Optimal Nozzle Exit Swirl Mach Number Mθ2539

9.2.2 Turbine Blade Losses542

9.2.2.1 Blade Profile Loss543

9.2.2.2 Secondary Flow Losses544

9.2.2.3 Annulus Losses546

Turbine Rotor Tip Clearance Loss546

9.2.3 Optimum Solidity553

9.2.4 Turbine Cooling557

9.2.4.1 Convective Cooling561

9.2.4.2 Impingement Cooling565

9.2.4.3 Film Cooling567

9.2.4.4 Transpiration Cooling569

9.3 Turbine Performance Map569

9.4 The Effect of Cooling on Turbine Efficiency570

9.5 Turbine Blade Profile Design572

9.5.1 Angles572

9.5.2 Other Blade Geometric Parameters573

9.5.3 Throat Sizing574

9.5.4 Throat Reynolds Number Reo574

9.5.5 Turbine Blade Profile Design575

9.5.6 Blade Vibration and Campbell Diagram575

9.5.7 Turbine Blade and Disk Material Selection and Design Criteria576

9.6 Stresses in Turbine Blades and Disks and Useful Life Estimation579

9.7 Axial-Flow Turbine Design and Practices582

9.8 Gas Turbine Design Summary589

9.9 Summary590

References591

Problems593

10Aircraft Engine Component Matching and Off-Design Analysis598

10.1 Introduction598

10.2 Engine （Steady-State） Component Matching599

10.2.1 Engine Corrected Parameters599

10.2.2 Inlet-Compressor Matching600

10.2.3 Compressor-Combustor Matching602

10.2.4 Combustor-Turbine Matching603

10.2.5 Compressor-Turbine Matching and Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics605

10.2.5.1 Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics607

10.2.6 Turbine-Afterburner-（Variable-Geometry） Nozzle Matching612

10.2.6.1 Fixed-Geometry Convergent Nozzle Matching614

10.3 Engine Off-Design Analysis614

10.3.1 Off-Design Analysis of a Turbojet Engine615

10.3.2 Off-Design Analysis of an Afterburning Turbojet Engine618

10.3.3 Off-Design Analysis of a Separate-Flow Turbofan （Two-Spool） Engine621

10.4 Unchoked Nozzles and Other Off-Design Iteration Strategies625

10.4.1 Unchoked Exhaust Nozzle625

10.4.2 Unchoked Turbine Nozzle627

10.4.3 Turbine Efficiency at Off-Design627

10.4.4 Variable Gas Properties628

10.5 Summary628

References630

Problems630

11Chemical Rocket and Hypersonic Propulsion636

11.1 Introduction636

11.2 From Takeoff to Earth Orbit638

11.3 Chemical Rockets639

11.4 Chemical Rocket Applications639

11.4.1 Launch Vehicles640

11.4.2 Boost Engines641

11.4.3 Space Maneuver Engines641

11.4.4 Attitude Control Rockets641

11.5 New Parameters in Rocket Propulsion641

11.6 Thrust Coefficient，CF644

11.7 Characteristic Velocity，c647

11.8 Flight Performance649

11.9 Multistage Rockets657

11.10 Propulsive and Overall Efficiencies659

11.11 Chemical Rocket Combustion Chamber661

11.11.1 Liquid Propellant Combustion Chambers661

11.11.1.1 Some Design Guidelines for Injector Plate666

11.11.1.2 Combustion Instabilities666

11.11.2 Solid Propellant Combustion Chambers667

11.12 Thrust Chamber Cooling672

11.12.1 Liquid Propellant Thrust Chambers673

11.12.2 Cooling of Solid Propellant Thrust Chambers678

11.13 Combustor Volume and Shape679

11.14 Rocket Nozzles679

11.14.1 Multiphase Flow in Rocket Nozzles682

11.14.2 Flow Expansion in Rocket Nozzles691

11.14.3 Thrust Vectoring Nozzles692

11.15 High-Speed Airbreathing Engines692

11.15.1 Supersonic Combustion Ramjet698

11.15.1.1 Inlet Analysis699

11.15.1.2 Scramjet Combustor700

11.15.1.3 Scramjet Nozzle702

11.16 Rocket-Based Airbreathing Propulsion702

11.17 Summary703

References704

Problems704

Appendices707

A.U.S.Standard Atmosphere708

B.Isentropic Table713

C.Normal Shock Table730

D.Rayleigh Flow743

E.Fanno Flow752

F.Prandtl-Meyer Function and Mach Angle761

G.Oblique Shock Charts764

H.Conical Shock Charts769

I.Cascade Data772

J.Websites778

Index779