语言学教程【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

语言学教程PDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1

1.1 Why Study Language?1

1.2 What Is Language?2

1.3 Design Features of Language3

1.3.1 Arbitrariness4

1.3.2 Duality5

1.3.3 Creativity7

1.3.4 Displacement7

1.4 Origin of Language8

1.5 Functions of Language9

1.5.1 Informative10

1.5.2 Interpersonal Function11

1.5.3 Performative11

1.5.4 Emotive Function12

1.5.5 Phatic Communion12

1.5.6 Recreational Function13

1.5.7 Metalingual Function14

1.6 What Is Linguistics?14

1.7 Main Branches of Linguistics15

1.7.1 Phonetics15

1.7.2 Phonology16

1.7.3 Morphology16

1.7.4 Syntax17

1.7.5 Semantics17

1.7.6 Pragmatics18

1.8 Macrolinguistics18

1.8.1 Psycholinguistics18

1.8.2 Sociolinguistics19

1.8.3 Anthropological Linguistics19

1.8.4 Computational Linguistics19

1.9 Important Distinctions in Linguistics20

1.9.1 Descriptive vs.Prescriptive20

1.9.2 Synchronic vs.Diachronic21

1.9.3 Langue ＆ Parole21

1.9.4 Competence and Performance22

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds24

2.1 How Speech Sounds Are Made?25

2.1.1 Speech Organs25

2.1.2 The IPA27

2.2 Consonants and Vowels29

2.2.1 Consonants29

2.2.2 Vowels32

2.2.3 The Sounds of English34

2.3 From Phonetics to Phonology36

2.3.1 Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions36

2.3.2 Phonemes38

2.3.3 Allophones40

2.4 Phonological Processes,Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features41

2.4.1 Assimilation41

2.4.2 Epenthesis,Rule Ordering and the Elsewhere Condition43

2.4.3 Distinctive Features45

2.5 Suprasegmentals47

2.5.1 The Syllable Structure47

2.5.2 Stress49

2.5.3 Intonation50

2.5.4 Tone50

Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase52

3.1 What Is Morpheme?52

3.1.1 Morpheme and Morpholopy52

3.1.2 Types of Morphemes53

3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph55

3.2 What is word?57

3.2.1 Word and Lexical Items57

3.2.2 Classification of words59

3.3 Word Formation(1):From Morpheme to Word61

3.3.1 The Inflectional Way of Formation61

3.3.2 The Derivational Way of Formation62

3.4 Word Formation(2):Lexical Change65

3.5 Word Group and Phrase70

Chapter 4 From Word to Text73

4.1 Syntactic Relations73

4.1.1 Positional Relation73

4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability74

4.1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence75

4.2 Grammatical Construction and Its Constituents75

4.2.1 Grammatical Construction75

4.2.2 Immediate Constituents76

4.2.3 Endocentrie and Exocentric Constructions78

4.2.4 Coordination and Subordination79

4.3 Syntactic Function81

4.3.1 Subject81

4.3.2 Predicate83

4.3.3 Object84

4.3.4 The Relation between Classes and Functions84

4.4 Category85

4.4.1 Number85

4.4.2 Gender86

4.4.3 Case86

4.4.4 Agreement87

4.5 Phrase,Clause and Sentence88

4.5.1 Phrase88

4.5.2 Clause88

4.5.3 Sentence89

4.6 Recursiveness90

4.6.1 Conjoining91

4.6.2 Embedding91

4.7 Beyond the Sentence91

4.7.1 Sentential Connection92

4.7.2 Cohesion92

Chapter 5 Meaning93

5.1 Meanings of"MEANING"93

5.2 The Referential Theory95

5.3 Sense Relations97

5.3.1 Synonymy97

5.3.2 Antonymy98

5.3.3 Hyponymy101

5.4 Componential Analysis102

5.5 Sentence Meaning105

5.5.1 An Integrated Theory106

5.5.2 Logical Semantics108

Chapter 6 Language and Cognition115

6.1 What Is Cognition?115

6.2 What Is Psycholinguistics?117

6.2.1 Language Acquisition118

6.2.2 Language Comprehension121

6.2.3 Language Production126

6.3 What Is Cognitive Linguistics?129

6.3.1 Construal and Construal Operations130

6.3.2 Categorization132

6.3.3 Image Schemas134

6.3.4 Metaphor135

6.3.5 Metonymy138

6.3.6 Blending Theory142

Chapter 7 Language,Culture,and Society146

7.1 Language and Culture146

7.1.1 How Does Language Relate to Culture?147

7.1.2 More about the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis150

7.1.3 Case Studies154

7.1.4 To Which Extent Do We Need Culture in Our Linguistic Study?155

7.1.5 Culture in Language Teaching Classroom156

7.2 Language and Society157

7.2.1 How Does Language Relate to Society?157

7.2.2 A Situationally and Socially Variationist Perspective157

7.2.3 What Should We Know More about Sociolinguistics?160

7.2.4 What Implications Can We Get from Sociolinguistics?161

7.3 Cross-cultural Communication162

7.3.1 What Should We Know All about Cross-cultural Communication?163

7.3.2 Case Studies163

7.4 Summary169

Chapter 8 Language in Use171

8.1 Speech Act Theory172

8.1.1 Performatives and Constatives172

8.1.2 A Theory of the Illocutionary Act174

8.2 The Theory of Conversational Implicature176

8.2.1 The Cooperative Principle176

8.2.2 Violation of the Maxims178

8.2.3 Characteristics of Implicature181

8.3 Post-Gricean Developments184

8.3.1 Relevance Theory184

8.3.2 The Q-and R-principles187

8.3.3 The Q-,I-and M-principles192

Chapter 9 Language and Literature196

9.1 Introduction196

9.2 Some General Features of the Literary Language196

9.2.1 Foregrounding and the Grammatical Form197

9.2.2 Literal Language and Figurative Language198

9.2.3 The Analysis of Literary Language200

9.3 The Language in Poetry201

9.3.1 Sound Patterning201

9.3.2 Different Forms of Sound Patterning202

9.3.3 Stress and Metrical Patterning203

9.3.4 Conventional Forms of Metre and Sound205

9.3.5 The Poetic Functions of Sound and Metre206

9.3.6 How to Analyse Poetry?206

9.4 The Language in Fiction208

9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View208

9.4.2 Speech and Thought Presentation210

9.4.3 Prose Style214

9.4.4 How to Analyse the Language of Fiction?215

9.5 The Language in Drama215

9.5.1 How Should We Analyse Drama?216

9.5.2 Analysing Dramatic Language217

9.5.3 How to Analyse Dramatic Texts?221

9.6 The Cognitive Approach to Literature221

9.6.1 Theoretical Background221

9.6.2 An Example of Cognitive Analysis222

Chapter 10 Language and Computer226

10.0 Introduction226

10.1 Computer-assisted Language Learning(CALL)226

10.1.1 CAI/CAL vs.CALL226

10.1.2 Phases of CALL Development228

10.1.3 Technology229

10.2 Machine Translation230

10.2.1 History of Development231

10.2.2 Research Methods233

10.2.3 MT Quality234

10.2.4 MT and the Internet235

10.2.5 Speech Translation236

10.2.6 MT and Human Translation236

10.3 Corpus Linguistics237

10.3.1 Definition238

10.3.2 Criticisms and the Revival of Corpus Linguistics238

10.3.3 Concordance239

10.3.4 Text Encoding and Annotation240

10.3.5 The Roles of Corpus Data241

10.4 Computer Mediated Communication243

10.4.1 Mail and News244

10.4.2 PowerPoint245

10.4.3 Blog246

10.4.4 Chatroom247

10.4.5 Emoticons or Smileys248

Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching249

11.1 The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching249

11.2 Linguistics and Language Learning250

11.2.1 Grammar and Language Learning251

11.2.2 Input and Language Learning253

11.2.3 Interlanguage in Language Learning254

11.3 Linguistics and Language Teaching255

11.3.1 The Discourse-based View of Language Teaching255

11.3.2 The Universal Grammar and Language Teaching257

11.4 Linguistics and Syllabus Design258

11.4.1 A Clarification of Terms:Syllabus and Curriculum259

11.4.2 Theoretical Views behind Syllabus Design260

11.4.3 Types of Syllabus261

11.4.4 Components of Syllabus268

11.4.5 Current Trends in Syllabus Design269

11.5 Contrastive Analysis and Error Analysis270

11.5.1 Contrastive Analysis(CA)270

11.5.2 Error Analysis(EA)271

11.6 Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching273

11.6.1 Types of Corpora273

11.6.2 What Uses Can We Make of Corpora?274

11.7 Summary275

Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics276

12.0 Introduction276

12.1 The Prague School278

12.1.1 Introduction278

12.1.2 Phonology and Phonological Oppositions278

12.1.3 Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP)280

12.2 The London School283

12.2.1 Malinowski's Theories283

12.2.2 Firth's Theories284

12.2.3 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar287

12.3 American Structuralism298

12.3.1 Early Period:Boas and Sapir299

12.3.2 Bloomfield's Theory301

12.3.3 Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistics303

12.4 Transformational-Generative Grammar307

12.4.1 The Innateness Hypothesis308

12.4.2 What Is a Generative Grammar?309

12.4.3 The Classical Theory310

12.4.4 The Standard Theory313

12.4.5 The Extended Standard Theory316

12.4.6 The Government and Binding Theory318

12.4.7 The Minimalist Program and After318

12.4.8 Chomsky's Fundamental Contribution321

12.5 Revisionists or Rebels?321

12.5.1 Case Grammar321

12.5.2 Generative Semantics323

Bibliography325

Glossary and Index340