FIEARMS THE LAE AND FORENSIC BALLISTICE【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 The Beginnings1

1.1 Blowpipes, Air, and Gas Guns11

1.2 Percussion Ignition12

1.3 Modern Rim-Fire and Center-Fire Cartridges13

1.4 Smokeless Powders and Modern Arms17

Further Reading24

2 Firearms Legislation and the Definition of a Firearm25

2.1 History of Weapons Legislation in Britain25

2.2 Legislation and Gun Control26

2.3 Firearms and Crime42

2.4 Firearms Consultative Committee52

2.5 European Weapons Directive54

2.5.1 CategoryA—Prohibited Firearms54

2.5.2 Category B—Firearms Subject to Authorization55

2.5.3 CategoryC—Firearms Subject to Declaration55

2.5.4 CategoryD—Other Firearms56

2.5.4.1 Single-Shot, Long Smooth-Bore Firearms56

2.6 Legislation in the United States58

Further Reading62

3 Marks and Microscopy—The Emergence of a New Science: Firearms Manufacturing Processes and Their Implications Concerning the Daubert Challenge65

3.1 The Pioneers65

3.2 Experts and Charlatans—The American Experience66

3.3 Court Battles—The English Experience68

3.4 The Recent "Daubert Challenge"71

3.5 Processes Used in the Manufacture of Firearms72

3.5.1 Rifling of Barrels72

3.5.2 Machining Processes74

3.5.3 Finishing Processes77

Further Reading78

4 Mechanisms and Design Aspects of Firearms81

4.1 Hinged Barrel Designs81

4.2 Hammer Shotguns81

4.3 Accidental Discharge83

4.4 Repeating Arms83

4.5 Magazine Systems86

4.6 Bolt-Action Weapons88

4.7 Lever-Action Rifles88

4.8 Revolvers89

4.9 Accident by Design, Manufacture, or Wear89

4.10 Safety Catches and Internal Safeguards92

4.11 Decocking Devices and Alternative Designs95

4.12 Hazard Indicator Devices97

4.13 Bolt-Action Rifle Safety Catches98

4.14 Trigger Pulls98

4.15 Blow-Back and Locked Breech Designs101

4.16 Gas-Operated Arms104

4.17 Gas and Air Weapon Designs105

4.18 Crossbows108

Further Reading111

5 Internal Ballistics113

5.1 Basic Principles113

5.2 Efficiency of Energy Transfer113

5.3 Powders and Pressures116

5.4 Control of Powder Burning Rates118

5.5 Drachms and Drams121

5.6 Residues of Combustion121

5.7 Primer Formulations122

5.8 Gunshot Residue Analysis124

5.9 Transfer of Marks to Missiles and Cartridge Cases126

5.10 Microscopy of Air Weapon Missiles130

5.11 Recoil and Barrel Flip130

5.12 Choke Boring of Shotguns132

5.13 Gauges and Bore Sizes136

Further Reading136

6 External Ballistics and Cartridge Loadings137

6.1 Basic Principles137

6.2 Bullet Stability and Instability137

6.3 Bullet's Flight138

6.4 Bullet Shape, Sectional Density, and Ballistic Coefficient139

6.5 External Ballistics and Their Calculation140

6.6 Accuracy143

6.7 Fin and Aerodynamic Stabilization145

6.8 Question of Range147

6.9 Spent Bullet Myth149

6.10 Secondary Ejecta150

6.11 Behavior of Shotgun Cartridge Wadding151

6.12 Sabot Loadings152

6.13 Choke Boring—Shotgun Pellet Spread and Velocity153

6.14 Pellet Deformation within the Bore159

6.15 Choke Operation162

6.16 Soft and Hard Shot—Shotgun Pellet Ballistics163

6.17 Steel Shot Loadings164

6.18 Alternative Non-Lead Materials167

6.19 Pellet Sizes and Weights170

6.20 The Propensity for Ricochet172

6.21 Gunfire and the Sounds Made during the Flight of Missiles175

Further Reading180

7 Terminal/Wound Ballistics and Distance Firing183

7.1 Mass, Momentum, and Kinetic Energy184

7.2 Incidence of Ricochet191

7.3 Consequences of Impact and Penetration192

7.4 Armor-Piercing Ammunition198

7.5 Explosive Anti-Armor Munitions202

7.6 Ballistic Body Armor and Screening Materials203

7.7 Shotgun Missile Injuries207

7.8 Pistol Bullet Injuries and Expanding Bullets211

7.9 High-Velocity Wound Effects216

7.10 Range Determination of Single-Missile Injuries226

Further Reading230

8 The Scene of the Shooting Incident233

8.1 On-Call Rota System233

8.2 Arrival at the Scene234

8.3 Scene Examination234

8.3.1 Pathologist at the Scene245

8.3.2 Roles246

8.4 Initial Examination of the Body246

8.4.1 Postmortem Examination247

8.5 X-Ray Examination248

8.6 First Samples and Observations248

8.7 Wound Sites250

8.8 Arrow and Crossbow Bolt Injuries258

8.9 Blank-Operated Tool and Humane Killer Injuries259

8.10 Wound Track261

8.11 Examination of Postmortem Exhibits Back at the Laboratory271

Further Reading278

9 Examination of Exhibits at the Laboratory281

9.1 Initial Examination of Firearms283

9.2 Trigger Pulls and Mechanical Tests287

9.3 Firing Range Tests290

9.4 Incomplete, Defective, and Converted Arms301

9.5 Recovery of Serial Marks305

9.5.1 Iron and Steel306

9.5.2 Aluminum Alloys306

9.5.3 Copper, Brass, German Silver, and Other Copper Alloys307

9.5.4 Stainless Steels307

9.5.5 Plastics307

9.6 Examination of Ammunition307

9.7 Tear Gas and Irritant Loadings310

9.8 Electric Shock Devices and Stun Guns314

9.9 Recovered Cartridge Cases, Bullets, Pellets, and Wadding318

9.10 Examination of Bullet- or Pellet-Damaged Items327

9.11 Analysis of Bullets, Fragments, and Shotgun Pellets330

9.12 Comparison Microscopy334

9.13 Image Capture, Data Storage, and Computer Searches348

9.14 Electron Microscope352

9.15 Analysis of Firearms Discharge Residues354

9.16 Laboratory Reference Collections364

Further Reading368

10 Presentation of Evidence to the Courts373

10.1 Prosecution Witness375

10.2 Defense Expert385

Further Reading387

11 Proof Marks and the Proof of Firearms389

11.1 U.K. Proof Markings396

11.1.1 Rules of Proof 2006397

11.1.2 Under 1989 Rules of Proof400

11.1.3 Under 1925 Rules of Proof402

11.1.4 Under Rules of Proof before 1904403

11.1.5 British Military Service Marks406

11.2 Austrian Proof Marks408

11.3 Belgian Proof Marks408

11.4 Chilean Proof Marks412

11.5 Czech Republic Proof Marks412

11.6 French Proof Marks413

11.6.1 Definitive Proof414

11.6.2 Proof Marks Imposed on French Government Firearms415

11.7 German Proof Marks415

11.7.1 Marks of the Suhl Proof House418

11.7.2 Early Proof and Other Marks Imposed on German Military Firearms from the Period of the Franco-Prussian War418

11.8 Finnish Proof Marks419

11.9 Hungarian Proof Marks419

11.10 Italian Proof Marks420

11.11 Spanish Proof Marks422

11.12 Yugoslav Proof Marks425

11.13 Russian Federation Proof Marks426

11.14 Denmark Proof Marks427

11.15 Austro-Hungarian Empire Proof Marks427

11.16 India Proof Marks429

11.16.1 Military Arms429

11.16.2 Hunting Weapons429

11.17 Israel Proof Marks430

11.18 Australia Proof Marks430

11.19 Irish Proof Marks430

11.20 Swedish Proof Marks431

11.21 Swiss Proof Marks431

11.22 Slovak Republic Proof Marks432

11.23 American Proof Marks433

11.24 Choke Markings433

Further Reading434

Appendix 1435

A1.1 Legal Expressions435

A1.2 Useful Conversion Factors438

A1.3 Approximate Densities of Some Pure Metals and Alloys439

A1.4 Cyrillic Alphabet439

A1.5 Arabic Numbers439

Appendix 2441

A2.1 Alphabetical Codes441

A2.2 Number Codes460

Index463