The Grammatical Structures Of English And German A Contrastive Sketch【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 GERMAN SENTENCE TYPES1

1．0 Introductory1

1．1 Minor sentence types3

1．2 Major sentence types5

1．3 Terminology7

2 GERMAN CLAUSES8

2．1 Definition8

2．2 Major clause types8

2．3 Usual finite verb form8

2．4 Arrangements within the clause9

2．41 What is a clause element？9

2．42 FV-2 clauses12

2．5 Occurrence of subjunctives13

2．51 Special subjunctive：SS-1-2 clauses13

2．6 Imperative clauses14

2．7 Order questions：FV-1 clauses15

2．8 Dependent clauses：FV-L17

2．81 Clause introducer：question word17

2．82 Clause introducer：subordinating conjunction (SUB)18

2．821 Clause introducer：relative pronoun (REL)19

2．822 Clause introducer：ob＂whether＂19

2．823 Dependent clause without clause introducer20

2．9 Negation21

3 PHRASE STRUCTURE22

3．0 Introductory22

3．1 Subordinate structure：center ？ modifier22

3．10(a) Attributive modifiers22

3．11 The＂primary＂and the＂modal＂auxiliaries27

3．12 Primary auxiliaries28

3．121 Modification I29

3．1211 Sequence of tenses29

3．1212 Limitation to chronological past29

3．1213 Uncertainty，unreality，improbability30

3．122 Modification II：have + participle31

3．1221 Co-occurrence of Modification I and II33

3．1222 Modification III：be + -ing33

3．123 Modification IV：be + participle34

3．1231 werden + participle34

3．1232 Passive clauses with dative object35

3．1233 Other passive auxiliaries36

3．13 Modal auxiliaries36

3．131 Distribution of modals37

3．14 Grammatical characteristics of auxiliaries39

3．141 Negation39

3．1411 Interrogation39

3．1412 Stress and pitch signals40

3．1413 Use as＂echo＂40

3．142 Role of do40

3．10(b) Attributive phrases41

3．10(c) Attributive clauses42

3．2 Objective modifiers42

3．21 Clause objects42

3．22 Word objects42

3．221 Object and case42

3．222 Direct and indirect objects43

3．223 Variety in object case44

3．224 Verb + zu + dative45

3．3 Coordinate structure：center ？ center46

3．4 Coordinate structure：center = center (apposition)47

3．5 Centerless structure：X ？ Y47

3．51 Preposition ？ object47

3．52 Subject ？ predicate48

3．53 Subordinating conjunction ？ subordinating clause48

4 PARTS OF SPEECH49

4．0 Introductory49

4．1 Form， function， markers51

4．2 Content words and function words52

4．3 Nouns53

4．4 Verbs56

4．5 Adjective-adverbs57

4．51 Conflicts57

4．6 Function words60

4．61 Conjunctions60

4．62 Prepositions61

4．7 Adverbs62

4．71 Groups of special adverbs62

5 COMPULSORY GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES64

5．0 Introductory64

5．1 Substantives65

5．11 Number65

5．111 Pronouns66

5．112 Determiners66

5．113 Adjectives66

5．12 Case66

5．13 Grammatical gender68

5．2 Verbs69

5．21 Person-number69

5．22 Infinitive70

5．23 Past participle70

5．24 Present participle70

5．241 -ing forms as adjectives71

5．242 -ing forms as nouns71

5．243 -ing forms as verbals72

5．25 Reflexive72

6 COMPULSORY SEMANTIC CATEGORIES75

6．0 Introductory75

6．1 Compulsory semantic categories77

6．11 Subjunctive77

6．111 Unreal conditions78

6．112 Contrary-to-fact statements in past tense79

6．113 Omission of wenn；use of so，dann80

6．114 Omission of wenn-clause81

6．115 Other uses of the subjunctive82

6．12 General and special subjunctive83

6．121 Imperative use of special subjunctive85

6．122 damit-clauses85

6．123 Special subjunctive in spoken German86

6．124 Significance of subjunctive86

6．2 Progressive form86

6．3 Past tenses87

6．31 Differences in meaning of English past tenses87

6．32 Differences in meaning of German past tenses88

6．33 English present perfect and German present tense89

6．34 Choice of auxiliary89

6．35 lassen89

6．4 Motion in reference to speaker90

6．41 bringen and nehmen91

6．5 Nominal gender distinctions91

6．6 Location vs．destination92

6．7 The second-person pronoun94