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CHAPTER Ⅰ:GENERAL INTRODUCTION:STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND METHOD OF STUDY1

PART Ⅰ:THE APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW11

CHAPTER Ⅱ:THE CONFUSION OVER THE SOURCES AND THE NORMATIVE CONCEPT OF LAW13

CHAPTER Ⅲ:CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW17

3.1 Introduction:doctrine and the sources of international law17

3.2 Some aspects of the normative concept of international law:its function and functioning19

CHAPTER Ⅳ:THE NORMATIVE CONCEPT AND SOME BASIC APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW29

4.1 Introduction29

4.2 Legal idealism30

4.3 The analytical approach34

4.4 The sociological approach39

4.5 The middle path of Structural Positivism44

4.5.1 Introduction44

4.5.2 The union of primary and secondary rules46

4.5.3 Structural Positivism and international law53

CHAPTER Ⅴ:CONCEPT OF SOURCES57

5.1 The preliminary question of terminology57

5.2 Introduction61

5.3 Basic features of the international society61

5.4 The changes in the structure of international society65

5.5 The basis of the binding force of international law71

5.6 The constitutive element of rules of international law76

5.7 Manifestations of consent or acceptance;the impact of the changed structure of the international society81

PART Ⅱ:THE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW83

CHAPTER Ⅳ:CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW85

6.1 Doctrine and customary international law85

6.2 The nature of customary international law90

6.2.1 Introduction90

6.2.2 Opinio juris and usus91

6.2.2.1 The so-called stages-theory91

6.2.2.2 Advantages of the stages-theory93

6.2.2.3 Questions concerning the change of customary international law97

6.2.3 Opinio juris;remaining issues106

6.2.4 Usus;remaining issues106

6.3 The declining role of custom as a source of international law113

CHAPTER Ⅶ:TREATIES117

7.1 The proliferation of treaties117

7.2 Shortcomings of treaties119

7.2.1 Introduction119

7.2.2 Problems of acceptibility120

7.2.3 Problems of adaptation124

7.2.4 The shift of the content of international law;the relation between conduct, law and policy126

7.2.5 Problems of change128

CHAPTER Ⅷ:GENERAL PRINCIPLES131

8.1 The continuing debate on the general principles131

8.2 The denial of the existence of the general principles as a source of international law132

8.3 The meaning of the phrase "general principles of law recognized by civilized nations"133

8.3.1 Introduction133

8.3.2 The genesis of article 38 (1)(c)135

8.3.2.1 A preliminary question135

8.3.2.2 The work of the 1920 Avisory Committee of Jurists136

8.3.3 The general principles within the framework of the International Court of Justice139

8.3.3.1 Introduction139

8.3.3.2 General principles on the basis of reception from municipal legal systems140

8.3.3.3 General principles through induction from existing rules of international law143

8.3.3.4 The limited use by the international Court of Justice of the gereral principles as a source of international law144

8.3.4 The general principles outside the framework of the International Court of Justice146

8.3.5 The distinction between general principles in the procedural and in the material sense148

8.3.6 Excursus:Jus Cogens151

8.3.6.1 Introduction151

8.3.6.2 The hierarchy of rules of international law151

8.3.6.3 The basis of international jus cogens153

8.3.6.4 The concept of jus cogens in international law154

8.3.6.5 Indentification and validity of norms of international jus cogens156

8.3.6.6 Change of norms of international jus cogens166

CHAPTER Ⅸ:ARTICLE 38:SUBSIDIARY MEANS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RULES OF LAW169

9.1 Judicial decisions169

9.2 Teachings of the most qualified publicists of the various nations176

CHAPTER Ⅹ:SOME CONCLUSIONS:THE MOVEMENT TOWARDS "OTHER SOURCES" AND THE "SOFT LAW" APPROACH179

PART Ⅲ:TENTATIVE REFORMULATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF SOURCES193

CHAPTER Ⅺ:PRELIMINARY ISSUES195

11.1 Can the sources of international law change?195

11.2 The formless character of international law199

CHAPTER Ⅻ:FIVE PROJECTED CLASSES OF MANIFESTATIONS OF CONSENT OR ACCEPTANCE:GENERAL OBSERVATIONS205

12.1 Introduction:points of departure205

12.2 International law-making as a continuous process206

12.3 The relation between the classes of manifestations of consent or acceptance and the traditional sources of international law208

12.4 The relation between the various classes of manifestations of consent or acceptance inter se209

12.5 The role of international organizations210

12.6 The producer-consumer distinction212

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ:OUTLINE OF THE INDIVIDUAL CLASSES OF MANIFESTATIONS OF CONSENT OR ACCEPTANCE215

13.1 Introduction215

13.2 Abstract statements216

13.3 Travaux préparatoires lato sensu219

13.3.1 Introduction219

13.3.2 Circumstances of preparation and adoption221

13.3.3 The decision-making process224

13.3.3.1 Introduction224

13.3.3.2 The increased use of the consensus-technique226

13.3.3.3 The nature of the consensus-technique227

13.3.3.4 Non-voting229

13.3.3.5 Non-objection231

13.3.3.6 Thoroughness233

13.4 The text234

13.4.1 Introduction234

13.4.2 Substantive provisions235

13.4.2.1 Introduction235

13.4.2.2 The type of language employed235

13.4.2.3 The content of a rule239

13.4.2.4 The relation with existing rules of international law240

13.4.2.5 Excursus:a concrete exemple;the question of the existence of international legal obligations concerning Official Development Assistance242

13.4.3 Qualifying provisions247

13.4.3.1 Introduction247

13.4.3.2 The name of an instrument248

13.4.3.3 Preambular paragraphs249

13.4.3.4 Final clauses251

13.5 Follow-up256

13.5.1 Introduction256

13.5.2 Enforcement,supervision,follow-up258

13.5.2.1 The review-function258

13.5.2.2 The correction-function258

13.5.2.3 The creative-function261

13.5.2.4 Development of the law263

13.5.3 Follow-up with respect to formally binding rules265

13.5.4 Follow-up with respect to formally non-binding rules270

13.6 Subsequent practice275

13.7 Summary279

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ:CONCLUDING REMARKS281

BIBLIOGRAPHY295

INDEX309