电磁噪声和量子光学测量 影印版【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Introduction1

1．Maxwell's Equations,Power,and Energy11

1.1 Maxwell's Field Equations11

1.2 Poynting's Theorem15

1.3 Energy and Power Relations and Symmetry of the Tensor？17

1.4 Uniqueness Theorem22

1.5 The Complex Maxwell's Equations23

1.6 Operations with Complex Vectors25

1.7 The Complex Poynting Theorem28

1.8 The Reciprocity Theorem33

1.9 Summary34

Problems35

Solutions37

2．Waveguides and Resonators39

2.1 The Fundamental Equations of Homogeneous Isotropic Waveguides39

2.2 Transverse Electromagnetic Waves44

2.3 Transverse Magnetic Waves47

2.4 Transverse Electric Waves53

2.4.1 Mode Expansions56

2.5 Energy,Power,and Energy Velocity59

2.5.1 The Energy Theorem59

2.5.2 Energy Velocity and Group Velocity60

2.5.3 Energy Relations for Waveguide Modes61

2.5.4 A Perturbation Example62

2.6 The Modes of a Closed Cavity64

2.7 Real Character of Eigenvalues and Orthogonality of Modes67

2.8 Electromagnetic Field Inside a Closed Cavity with Sources72

2.9 Analysis of Open Cavity74

2.10 Open Cavity with Single Input77

2.10.1 The Resonator and the Energy Theorem78

2.10.2 Perturbation Theory and the Generic Form of the Impedance Expression79

2.11 Reciprocal Multiports83

2.12 Simple Model of Resonator84

2.13 Coupling Between Two Resonators88

2.14 Summary91

Problems92

Solutions95

3．Diffraction,Dielectric Waveguides,Optical Fibers,and the Kerr Effect99

3.1 Free-Space Propagation and Diffraction100

3.2 Modes in a Cylindrical Piecewise Uniform Dielectric106

3.3 Approximate Approach109

3.4 Perturbation Theory113

3.5 Propagation Along a Dispersive Fiber113

3.6 Solution of the Dispersion Equation for a Gaussian Pulse115

3.7 Propagation of a Polarized Wave in an Isotropic Kerr Medium117

3.7.1 Circular Polarization119

3.8 Summary120

Problems120

Solutions123

4．Shot Noise and Thermal Noise127

4.1 The Spectrum of Shot Noise128

4.2 The Probability Distribution of Shot Noise Events134

4.3 Thermal Noise in Waveguides and Transmission Lines136

4.4 The Noise of a Lossless Resonator140

4.5 The Noise of a Lossy Resonator143

4.6 Langevin Sources in a Waveguide with Loss144

4.7 Lossy Linear Multiports at Thermal Equilibrium146

4.8 The Probability Distribution of Photons at Thermal Equilibrium150

4.9 Gaussian Amplitude Distribution of Thermal Excitations152

4.10 Summary154

Problems155

Solutions156

5．Linear Noisy Multiports157

5.1 Available and Exchangeable Power from a Source159

5.2 The Stationary Values of the Power Delivered by a Noisy Multiport and the Characteristic Noise Matrix160

5.3 The Characteristic Noise Matrix in the Admittance Representation Applied to a Field Effect Transistor166

5.4 Transformations of the Characteristic Noise Matrix168

5.5 Simplified Generic Forms of the Characteristic Noise Matrix172

5.6 Noise Measure of an Amplifier175

5.6.1 Exchangeable Power175

5.6.2 Noise Figure176

5.6.3 Exchangeable Power Gain177

5.6.4 The Noise Measure and Its Optimum Value179

5.7 The Noise Measure in Terms of Incident and Relected Waves181

5.7.1 The Exchangeable Power Gain183

5.7.2 Excess Noise Figure184

5.8 Realization of Optimum Noise Performance185

5.9 Cascading of Amplifiers189

5.10 Summary190

Problems192

Solutions193

6．Quantum Theory of Waveguides and Resonators197

6.1 Quantum Theory of the Harmonic Oscillator198

6.2 Annihilation and Creation Operators203

6.3 Coherent States of the Electric Field205

6.4 Commutator Brackets,Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Noise209

6.5 Quantum Theory of an Open Resonator211

6.6 Quantization of Excitations on a Single-Mode Waveguide215

6.7 Quantum Theory of Waveguides with Loss217

6.8 The Quantum Noise of an Amplifier with a Perfectly Inverted Medium220

6.9 The Quantum Noise of an Imperfectly Inverted Amplifier Medium223

6.10 Noise in a Fiber with Loss Compensated by Gain226

6.11 The Lossy Resonator and the Laser Below Threshold229

6.12 Summary237

Problems238

Solutions239

7．Classical and Quantum Analysis of Phase-Insensitive Systems241

7.1 Renormalization of the Creation and Annihilation Operators242

7.2 Linear Lossless Multiports in the Classical and Quantum Domains243

7.3 Comparison of the Schr？dinger and Heisenberg Formulations of Lossless Linear Multiports248

7.4 The Schr？dinger Formulation and Entangled States251

7.5 Transformation of Coherent States254

7.6 Characteristic Functions and Probability Distributions256

7.6.1 Coherent State256

7.6.2 Bose-Einstein Distribution258

7.7 Two-Dimensional Characteristic Functions and the Wigner Distribution259

7.8 The Schr？dinger Cat State and Its Wigner Distribution263

7.9 Passive and Active Multiports267

7.10 Optimum Noise Measure of a Quantum Network272

7.11 Summary276

Problems277

Solutions278

8．Detection281

8.1 Classical Description of Shot Noise and Heterodyne Detection282

8.2 Balanced Detection285

8.3 Quantum Description of Direct Detection288

8.4 Quantum Theory of Balanced Heterodyne Detection290

8.5 Linearized Analysis of Heterodyne Detection292

8.6 Heterodyne Detection of a Multimodal Signal295

8.7 Heterodyne Detection with Finite Response Time of Detector296

8.8 The Noise Penalty of a Simultaneous Measurement of Two Noncommuting Observables298

8.9 Summary300

Problems301

Solutions302

9．Photon Probability Distributions and Bit-Error Rate of a Channel with Optical Preamplification305

9.1 Moment Generating Functions305

9.1.1 Poisson Distribution308

9.1.2 Bose-Einstein Distribution308

9.1.3 Composite Processes309

9.2 Statistics of Attenuation311

9.3 Statistics of Optical Preamplification with Perfect Inversion314

9.4 Statistics of Optical Preamplification with Incomplete Inversion320

9.5 Bit-Error Rate with Optical Preamplification324

9.5.1 Narrow-Band Filter,Polarized Signal,and Noise324

9.5.2 Broadband Filter,Unpolarized Signal327

9.6 Negentropy and Information330

9.7 The Noise Figure of Optical Amplifiers333

9.8 Summary339

Problems340

Solutions342

10．Solitons and Long-Distance Fiber Communications345

10.1 The Nonlinear Schr？dinger Equation346

10.2 The First-Order Soliton348

10.3 Properties of Solitons352

10.4 Perturbation Theory of Solitons354

10.5 Amplifier Noise and the Gordon-Haus Effect357

10.6 Control Filters361

10.7 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers and the Effect of Lumped Gain365

10.8 Polarization367

10.9 Continuum Generation by Soliton Perturbation370

10.10 Summary374

Problems376

Solutions377

11．Phase-Sensitive Amplification and Squeezing379

11.1 Classical Analysis of Parametric Amplification380

11.2 Quantum Analysis of Parametric Amplification383

11.3 The Nondegenerate Parametric Amplifier as a Model of a Linear Phase-Insensitive Amplifier386

11.4 Classical Analysis of Degenerate Parametric Amplifier387

11.5 Quantum Analysis of Degenerate Parametric Amplifier390

11.6 Squeezed Vacuum and Its Homodyne Detection393

11.7 Phase Measurement with Squeezed Vacuum395

11.8 The Laser Resonator Above Threshold398

11.9 The Fluctuations of the Photon Number403

11.10 The Schawlow-Townes Linewidth406

11.11 Squeezed Radiation from an Ideal Laser408

11.12 Summary412

Problems413

Solutions414

12．Squeezing in Fibers417

12.1 Quantization of Nonlinear Waveguide418

12.2 The x Representation of Operators420

12.3 The Quantized Equation of Motion of the Kerr Effect in the x Representation422

12.4 Squeezing424

12.5 Generation of Squeezed Vacuum with a Nonlinear Interferometer427

12.6 Squeezing Experiment432

12.7 Guided-Acoustic-Wave Brillouin Scattering434

12.8 Phase Measurement Below the Shot Noise Level436

12.9 Generation of Schr？dinger Cat State via Kerr Effect440

12.10 Summary442

Problems442

Solutions443

13．Quantum Theory of Solitons and Squeezing445

13.1 The Hamiltonian and Equations of Motion of a Dispersive Waveguide446

13.2 The Quantized Nonlinear Schr？dinger Equation and Its Linearization449

13.3 Soliton Perturbations Projected by the Adjoint453

13.4 Renormalization of the Soliton Operators457

13.5 Measurement of Operators461

13.6 Phase Measurement with Soliton-like Pulses462

13.7 Soliton Squeezing in a Fiber465

13.8 Summary469

Problems471

Solutions472

14．Quantum Nondemolition Measurements and the"Collapse"of the Wave Function473

14.1 General Properties of a QND Measurement475

14.2 A QND Measurement of Photon Number475

14.3 "Which Path"Experiment481

14.4 The"Collapse"of the Density Matrix484

14.5 Two Quantum Nondemolition Measurements in Cascade490

14.6 The Schr？dinger Cat Thought Experiment493

14.7 Summary497

Problems498

Solutions499

Epilogue503

Appendices505

A.1 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity of a Gaussian Beam505

A.2 The Hermite Gaussians and Their Defining Equation506

A.2.1 The Defining Equation of Hermite Gaussians506

A.2.2 Orthogonality Property of Hermite Gaussian Modes507

A.2.3 The Generating Function and Convolutions of Hermite Gaussians508

A.3 Recursion Relations of Bessel Functions512

A.4 Brief Review of Statistical Function Theory513

A.5 The Different Normalizations of Field Amplitudes and of Annihilation Operators515

A.5.1 Normalization of Classical Field Amplitudes515

A.5.2 Normalization of Quantum Operators516

A.6 Two Alternative Expressions for the Nyquist Source517

A.7 Wave Functions and Operators in the n Representation518

A.8 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle523

A.9 The Quantized Open-Resonator Equations524

A.10 Density Matrix and Characteristic Functions527

A.10.1 Example 1.Density Matrix of Bose-Einstein State528

A.10.2 Example 2.Density Matrix of Coherent State528

A.11 Photon States and Beam Splitters529

A.12 The Baker-Hausdorff Theorem530

A.12.1 Theorem 1530

A.12.2 Theorem 2531

A.12.3 Matrix Form of Theorem 1531

A.12.4 Matrix Form of Theorem 2532

A.13 The Wigner Function of Position and Momentum533

A.14 The Spectrum of Non-Return-to-Zero Messages535

A.15 Various Transforms of Hyperbolic Secants538

A.16 The Noise Sources Derived from a Lossless Multiport with Suppressed Terminals541

A.17 The Noise Sources of an Active System Derived from Suppression of Ports542

A.18 The Translation Operator and the Transformation of Coherent States from theβRepresentation to the x Representation543

A.19 The Heisenberg Equation in the Presence of Dispersion544

A.20 Gaussian Distributions and Their e-1/2 Loci544

References549

Index555