英语词汇学 英文【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Introduction and basic concepts1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Overview of the study of word-formation1

1.3 Basic concepts3

1.3.1 Word-form,lexeme3

1.3.2 Morpheme,morph,allomorph4

1.3.3 Free and bound morphemes6

1.3.4 Root,stem,base7

1.3.5 The relationship between lexemes and morphemes8

1.3.6 Productivity8

1.3.7 Transparency and opacity9

1.3.8 Compounding10

1.3.9 Complex and simplex10

1.3.10 Endoeentric,exocentric,appositional and Dvanda10

1.4 Summary11

Further reading11

Exercises11

Word structure13

2.1 Morphological processes13

2.2 Types of allomorphy15

2.2.1 Phonologically conditioned allomorphy15

2.2.2 Morphologically conditioned allomorphy16

2.2.3 Lexically conditioned allomorphy16

2.2.4 Distinguishing types of allomorphy17

2.2.5 Phonological constraints on allomorph selection20

2.3 Affixation21

2.3.1 Level ordering21

2.3.2 Latinate vocabulary and root affixation22

2.3.3 Stem allomorphy and morphological segmentation24

2.4 Lexical and morphological relatedness25

2.5 Establishing word-formation rules26

2.6 Summary34

Further reading35

Exercises35

Lexicalization and institutionalization37

3.1 Lexicalization37

3.1.1 Lexicalization in a diachronic sense37

3.1.2 Lexicalization in a synchronic sense:listing/listedness40

3.1.3 The lexicon and theories of word-formation40

3.2 Institutionalization42

3.2. 1 Terminology42

3.2.2 Ideal and real speakers and the speech community43

3.2. 3 De-institutionalization:the end of a word's life45

3.3 Definition46

3.4 Types of lexicalization47

3.4. 1 Lipka's three types of lexicalization47

3.4. 2 Bauer's five types of lexicalization48

3.5 Problems with lexicalization and institutionalization56

3.5.1 Nonce-formations and neologisms56

3.5.2 (Non-)Lexicalizability58

3.5.3 What is in the(mental)lexicon and how does it get there?60

3.5.4 Unpredictable and playful formations,analogy,fads,and new developments61

3.5.5 Lexicalization beyond words62

3.6 Summary63

Further reading64

Exercises64

4 Productivity and constraints on productivity66

4.1 Productivity and synonyms66

4.2 Productivity as a cline69

4.3 Productivity as synchronic73

4.4 Prerequisites for productivity74

4.5 Potential and productivity in the individual75

4.6 Measuring productivity78

4.7 Constraints on productivity85

4.7.1 Blocking85

4.7.2 Structural constraints88

4.7.3 Pragmatic constraints90

4.7.4 Aesthetic constraints90

4. 8 Summary91

Further reading91

Exercises92

Phonological issues in word-formation94

5.1 Compounds and stress94

5.1.1 The assumption of consistency in stress-patterning94

5.1.2 Why stress is not criterial for compounds95

5.1.3 The generative approach99

5.2 Derivatives and stress100

5.2.1 A first approximation100

5.2.2 Distinguishing a suffix102

5.2.3 General stress rules104

5.2.4 Prefixes104

5.3 Segmental variation in word-formation106

5.3.1 Morphophonemic alternants106

5.3.2 Role of phonological variation108

5.3.3 Generative phonology109

5.3.4 Critique of generative phonology110

5.4 Summary116

Further reading116

Exercises116

Syntactic and semantic issues in word-formation118

6.1 Syntax118

6.1.1 Case grammar118

6.1.2 X syntax120

6.1.3 Generative Semantics121

6. 2 On the"sentential source"analysis in word-formation122

6. 3 The Modality component123

6.3.1 Negation123

6.3.2 Tense125

6.3.3 Mood126

6.3.4 Aspect127

6.4 The underlying verb in compounds127

6. 5 Semantics and word-formation130

6.5.1 The specification of meanings in word-formation132

6.5.2 Lexical entries137

6.6 Summary143

Further reading143

Exercises143

Word-formation processes145

7.1 Affixation145

7.1.1 Suffixes145

7.1.2 Prefixes154

7.2 Conversion157

7.2.1 The directionality of conversion158

7.2.2 Conversion or zero-affixation?161

7.2.3 Conversion:syntactic or morphological?163

7.3 Compounding164

7.3.1 Nominal compounds165

7.3.2 Adjectival compounds171

7.3.3 Verbal compounds172

7.3.4 Neoclassical compounds173

7.4 Some other processes of word-formation176

7.4.1 Truncations:truncated names,-y diminutives,and clippings176

7.4.2 Blends178

7.4.3 Abbreviations and acronyms179

7.5 Summary182

Further reading182

Exercises182

8 The nature of word-formation rules185

8.1 The problem:word-based versus morpheme-based morphology185

8.2 Morpheme-based morphology:syntagmatic approach186

8.3 Word-based morphology:paradigmatic approach189

8.4 Synthesis193

8.5 Lexical strata194

8.5.1 Lexical strata determined by affixes or roots?197

8.5.2 Affixes uniquely belong to one stratum?198

8.5.3 How many strata needed?199

8.5.4 Phonological rules restricted to one stratum?200

8.5.5 Morphological rules restricted to one stratum?201

8.6 Summary204

Further reading205

Exercises205

9 Word-formation in optimality theory206

9. 1 The basics206

9.1.1 Notation207

9.1.2 The interaction of constraints208

9.2 Morphology in optimality theory209

9.3 Stratal optimality theory211

9.4 Competition in morphology213

9.4.1 Competition between different morphemes213

9.4.2 Competition between components216

9.4.3 Competition between different morpheme orders220

9.5 Summary225

Further reading226

Exercises226

10 Word meaning and context227

10.1 Word meaning227

10.2 Types of meaning228

10.3 Semantic field and componential analysis229

10.4 Types and the role of contex232

10.4.1 Linguistic context233

10.4.2 The role of context234

10.5 The nature of word meaning237

10.5.1 Procedure for determining distinct senses238

10.5.2 Core and non-core aspects of word meaning239

10.5.3 Modelling semantic representations241

10.6 Summary242

Further reading242

Exercises242

11 Meaning relations244

11.1 Polysemy244

11.2 Homonymy245

11.2.1 Types of homonyms245

11.2.2 Origins of homonyms246

11.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants247

11.3 Synonymy247

11.3.1 Absolute synonymy247

11.3.2 Propositional synonymy248

11.3.3 Near-synonymy249

11.3.4 Sources of synonyms250

11.4 Antonymy251

11.4.1 Types of antonymy251

11.4. 2 Some characteristics of antonyms254

11.4.3 The use of antonyms255

11.5 Hyponymy and meronymy255

11.5.1 Hyponymy—a kind of relation256

11.5.2 Meronymy—the part-whole relation258

11. 6 Summary261

Further reading261

Exercises261

12 Words in the mind263

12.1 The mental lexicon263

12.2 Categorization and psychology265

12.3 The structuring of the universe267

12.4 Models of lexical processing268

12.4.1 The logogen model269

12.4.2 The cohort model270

12.4.3 The search model of lexical access271

12.4.4 Levelt's'blueprint for the speaker'272

12.4.5 The modularity hypothesis273

12.4.6 Connectionism275

12.5 Summary277

Further reading277

Exercises278

13 Relationship between lexicology and lexicography279

13.1 Defining terms279

13.2 Lexicology279

13.3 Lexicography282

13.4 Summary284

Further reading284

Exercises284

References286