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Introduction1

Law and History11

Law and Revolution18

The Crisis of the Western Legal Tradition33

Toward a Social Theory of Law41

PART Ⅰ: THE PAPAL REVOLUTION AND THE CANON LAW47

1. The Background of the Western Legal Tradition: The Folklaw49

Tribal Law52

Dynamic Elements in Germanic Law: Christianity and Kingship62

Penitential Law and Its Relation to the Folklaw68

2. The Origin of the Western Legal Tradition in the Papal Revolution85

Church and Empire: The Cluniac Reform88

The Dictates of the Pope94

The Revolutionary Character of the Papal Revolution99

Social-Psychological Causes and Consequences of the Papal Revolution107

The Rise of the Modern State113

The Rise of Modern Legal Systems115

3. The Origin of Western Legal Science in the European Universities120

The Law School at Bologna123

The Curriculum and Teaching Method127

The Scholastic Method of Analysis and Synthesis131

The Relation of Scholasticism to Greek Philosophy and Roman Law132

The Application of the Scholastic Dialectic to Legal Science143

Law as a Prototype of Western Science151

4. Theological Sources of the Western Legal Tradition165

Last Judgment and Purgatory166

The Sacrament of Penance172

The Sacrament of the Eucharist173

The New Theology: St. Anselm's Doctrine of Atonement174

The Legal Implications of the Doctrine of the Atonement179

Theological Sources of Western Criminal Law181

The Canon Law of Crimes185

5. Canon Law: The First Modern Western Legal System199

The Relation of Canon Law to Roman Law204

Constitutional Foundations of the Canon Law System205

Corporation Law as the Constitutional Law of the Church215

Limitations on Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction221

6. Structural Elements of the System of Canon Law225

The Canon Law of Marriage226

The Canon Law of Inheritance230

The Canon Law of Property237

The Canon Law of Contracts245

Procedure250

The Systematic Character of Canon Law253

7. Becket versus Henry II: The Competition of Concurrent Jurisdictions255

The Constitutions of Clarendon256

Benefit of Clergy and Double Jeopardy259

Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in England260

Writs of Prohibition264

PART Ⅱ: THE FORMATION OF SECULAR LEGAL SYSTEMS271

8. The Concept of Secular Law273

The Emergence of New Theories of Secular Government and Secular Law275

John of Salisbury, Founder of Western Political Science276

Theories of the Roman and Canon Lawyers288

The Rule of Law292

9. Feudal Law295

Feudal Custom in the West Prior to the Eleventh Century297

The Emergence of a System of Feudal Law303

10. Manorial Law316

Objectivity and Universality321

Reciprocity of Rights of Lords and Peasants322

Participatory Adjudication324

Integration and Growth328

11. Mercantile Law333

Religion and the Rise of Capitalism336

The New System of Commercial Law339

12. Urban Law356

Causes of the Rise of the Modern City359

The Origins of the Cities and Towns of Western Europe363

Picardy (France): Cambrai, Beauvais+, Laon364

France: Lorris, Montauban368

Normandy: Verneuil369

Flanders: Saint-Omer, Bruges, Ghent370

Germany: Cologne, Freiburg, Lubeck, Magdeburg371

England: London, Ipswich380

The Italian Cities386

Guilds and Guild Law390

The Main Characteristics of Urban Law392

The City as a Historical Community399

13. Royal Law: Sicily, England, Normandy, France404

The Norman Kingdom of Sicily409

The Norman State414

The Personality of Roger II417

The Norman Legal System419

The Growth of Royal Law in Norman Italy424

England434

The Personality of Henry II438

The English State440

English Royal Law ("The Common Law")445

The Science of the English Common Law457

Normandy459

France461

The Personality of Philip Augustus463

The French State464

The French System of Royal Justice467

French Royal Civil and Criminal Law473

French and English Royal Law Compared477

14. Royal Law: Germany, Spain, Flanders, Hungary, Denmark482

Germany482

Imperial Law482

The personality and vision of Frederick Barbarossa488

The imperial peace statutes (Landfrieden)493

The Mirror of Saxon Law (Sachsenspiegel)503

The Law of the Principalities505

Spain, Flanders, Hungary, Denmark510

Royal Law and Canon Law516

Conclusion520

Beyond Marx, Beyond Weber538

Abbreviations560

Notes561

Acknowledgements636

Index637