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Chapter 1 Introducing Computers to the Internet2

Module1A Becoming Fluent with Computers and the Internet4

The Need for Computer Fluency6

What Is a Computer，Anyway?7

Understanding the Computer：Basic Definitions7

What Computers Can't Do（Yet）8

The Information Processing Cycle in Action：Batch vs.Interactive Processing10

So What?11

Computer Systems15

Introducing Hardware：The Computer's Physical Components15

Input：Getting Data into the Computer16

Processing：Transforming Data into Information16

Output：Displaying the Information17

Storage：Holding Programs and Data for Future Use17

Communications Devices18

Types of Computers19

Introducing Software：Telling the Computer What to Do21

Creating Software21

Using Software22

Types of Software22

System Software22

Operating System（OS）22

System Utilities22

Application Software24

Packaged vs.Custom Software24

Office Applications24

The Internet25

Module1B History of Computers and the Internet30

Steps Toward Modern Computing31

First Steps： Calculators31

The Technological Edge：Electronics31

Putting It All Together：The ENIAC36

The Stored-Program Concept36

The Computer's Family Tree37

The First Generation（1950s）37

The Second Generation（Early 1960s）38

The Third Generation（Mid-1960s to Mid-1970s）39

The Fourth Generation（1975 to the Present）41

A Fifth Generation?44

The Internet Revolution45

Lessons Learned48

Chapter 2 Exploring Computer Hardware：What's in the Box?54

Module2A Inside the System Unit56

Hardware vs.Software57

Macs and PCs57

Describing Hardware Performance58

Bits and Bytes58

Thousands′Millions′and More59

Introducing the System Unit59

What's on the Outside of the Box?60

Power Switch60

Connectors60

Front Panel64

Inside the System Unit64

What's on the Motherboard?65

System Clock66

The Microprocessor66

Benchmarks74

Memoy75

Chipset77

Input/Output（I/O）Buses77

How Computers Represent Data77

Digital/Analog Representation78

Numbering Systems78

Representing Numbers79

Representing Very Large and Very Small Numbers80

Representing Characters80

Module2B Storing Data：ElectronicFiling Cabinets88

Memory vs.Storage89

Why Is Storage Necessary?89

Types of Storage Devices90

Read/Write Media vs.Read-Only Media91

Sequential vs.Random Access Storage91

Storage Technologies：Magnetic and Optical91

The Storage Hierarchy92

Capacity of Storage Devices93

Speed of Storage Devices（Access Time）93

Floppy Disks and Floppy Disk Drives94

What Does “Floppy” Mean?94

Storage Capacities of Floppy Disks94

Protecting Your Data95

Floppy Disk Drives95

How Floppy Drives Work95

Formatting：Preparing Disks for Use96

Beyond the Floppy：High-Capacity Disks and Drives97

Hard Disks98

Why Are Hard Disks Needed?98

How Hard Disks Work98

Factors Affecting Hard Disk Performance99

Hard Disk Interfaces99

Disk Caches：Improving a Hard Disks Performance100

Hard Disk Longevity101

RAID101

Removable Hard Disks101

Magnetic Tape：Still Useful102

CD-ROM Discs and Drives102

CD-R and CD-RW Discs and Recorders103

DVD-ROM Discs and Drives103

More Optical Storage Technologies104

Storage Horizons105

FMD-ROM107

Storage Area Networks（SAN）107

Module2C Input and Output：Data In′Information Out112

Understanding Input：Not Just Data Entry113

Input Devices：The Computer's“Senses”113

Introducing Keyboards114

Using a Computer Keyboard114

Alternative Keyboards117

Entering International Characters117

Health Risks of Keyboard Use118

Speech Recognition119

Pointing Devices120

Types of Mice123

Health Risks of Mouse Usage123

More Ways to Control the Computer124

More Ways to Get Data Into the Computer125

Input Devices in Business′Industry and Science128

Understanding Output： Making Data Meaningful129

Output Devices： Engaging Our Senses131

Visual Display Systems131

Data Projectors134

Printers135

Plotters137

Fax Output137

Audio Output：Sound Cards and Speakers137

Tactile Feedback137

Chapter 3The World of Computer Software144

Module3A System Software：Keeping the Computer Running Smoothly146

Operating System（OS）：The Computer's Traffic Cop147

Managing Programs148

Managing Memory149

Handling Input and Output150

User Interface150

Exploring Popular Operating Systems：A Guided Tour152

UNIX152

Xerox PARC and the First GUI153

MS-DOS153

Mac OS153

Microsoft Windows 3.x154

Microsoft Windows 95 and98154

Microsoft Windows CE155

Microsoft Windows NT155

Microsoft Windows 2000156

Linux156

Starting the Computer157

The BIOS Screen and Setup Program157

The Power-On Self-Test （POST）157

Loading the OS158

Authentication159

System Utilities：Tools for Housekeeping159

File Management159

File Finders160

Backup Utilities160

Antivirus Software161

File Compression Utilities161

Disk Scanning Utilities161

File Defragmentation Programs162

Module3B Application Software：Essentials for Knowledge Workers167

Horizontal vs. Vertical Applications168

Types of Application Soft ware168

System Requirements169

Commercial Programs′Shareware′and Freeware169

Software Licenses169

Distribution Methods171

Documentation171

Software Versions171

Installation171

Registration171

Visual Metaphors：Working in Familiar Ways173

Integrated Programs and Suites：The All-in-One Approach174

Using Application Software175

Installing Applications176

Launching Applications176

Understanding the Application's Window176

Getting Help178

Understanding Menus178

Choosing Preferences178

Using Popup Menus179

Using Wizards179

Creating New Documents179

Open an Existing Document179

Saving Your Work180

Exiting the Application180

Shutting Down Your System180

Web Integration：A New Way to Get the Word Out181

Chapter 4Concepts of Application Software186

Module4A Writing with Word Processing Soft ware188

Word Processing Software：The Electronic Scribe189

Composing Your Document189

Editing Your Document193

Formatting197

Printing202

The Internet Connection202

Desktop Publishing202

Module4B Creating Electronic Spreadsheets208

Introducing Spreadsheet Software209

Exploring the Worksheet209

Using a Spreadsheet Program210

Selecting Cells211

Entering Data in the Worksheet212

Editing Data213

Formatting Data214

Entering Formulas214

Editing the Worksheet Structure222

Printing Your Worksheet222

Designing an Effective Worksheet222

Creating Worksheet Charts224

Advanced Spreadsheet Features225

Spreadsheet Risks227

Module4C Designing Presentations231

Introducing Presentation Graphics Software232

Presentation Graphics vs.Analytical Graphics232

Exploring the Application Window233

Creating a Presentation235

Choosing a Template235

Choosing the Slide Layout236

Using Placeholders236

Inserting Charts′Clip Art′and Drawings237

Viewing and Organizing Your Presentation238

Producing the Output Media238

Additional Features for On-Screen Presentations239

The Internet Connection239

Using Visual Aids Effectively241

Module4D Building Databases246

Database Concepts： The Essentials247

Records and Fields247

The Ideal Database System248

Types of Database Programs249

File Management Programs249

Database Management Systems249

Data Warehousing and Data Mining250

Introducing Database Software250

Database Objects251

Designing a Database252

Understanding Data Types253

Creating a Table with the Table Wizard253

Creating a Form with the Form Wizard254

Creating a Query with the Query Wizard255

Creating Reports with the Report Wizard257

Client/Server Database Systems258

The Internet Connection：Going Public with Data260

Chapter 5Multimedia and Virtual Reality266

Module5A Multimedia：Lights!Cameras!Action!268

Introducing Multimedia269

Multimedia Hardware269

Multimedia Applications270

Multimedia Resources：Introducing the Cast270

Compression and Decompression（Codecs）270

Paint Programs272

Image Editors272

Drawing Programs273

Animation Programs273

3-D Rendering Programs275

Video Editors275

Audio Software275

Multimedia Authoring Systems：Writing the Script276

Module5B Virtual Environments281

Virtual Reality：Toward the Holodeck?282

Enhancing the Immersive Experience：VR Hardware282

Bringing VR to the Internet：VRML283

Practical Applications of VR283

Computer Games283

The VR Factor283

Too Much Violence?284

MUDs285

Chapter 6Data Communications290

Module6A Telecommunications：Exchanging Data via the Telephone System292

Understanding the Telephone System293

Quality of Service293

Local Exchange Carriers （LECs）293

Long-Distance Transmission Media294

Standards and Regulations295

More Ways to Access the System296

The PSTN in Perspective296

Modems：From Digital to Analog and Back297

How Modems Work297

Asynchronous Communication298

Modulation Protocols298

Fax299

Digital Telephony：Living with Twisted Pair299

Bandwidth300

Last Mile Technologies300

Alternatives to Digital Telephony302

Direct Broadcast Satellite（DBS）302

Cable Modems302

Electrical Power Systems302

Convergence： Is It a Phone or a Computer?304

The Everything PC304

TV Internet Set-Tops304

Personal Communication Service（PCS）304

Internet Telephony305

Internet Faxing307

Module6B Networks：Superhighways for Digital Information312

Introducing Computer Networks：Synergy at Work313

What Is a Computer Network?313

Types of Computer Networks：LANs and WANs314

Networking Synergies in a Nutshell314

Network Fundamentals315

Physical Media315

Switching and Routing Techniques315

Protocols317

Network Layers318

Local Area Networks（LANs）：Limited Reach,Fast Connections319

Networking Hardware：Network Interface Cards（NICs）319

Networking Software320

Media320

LAN Topologies321

LAN Technologies322

LAN Protocols323

Wide Area Networks（WANs）：Long-Haul Carriers323

How WANs Work325

How WANs Are Organized326

WAN Protocols326

WAN Applications326

Chapter 7The Internet and the Web：Welcome to Cyberspace334

Module7A Understanding the Internet336

Introducing the Internet：The Network of Networks337

A Galactic Network338

Interoperability338

Leave the Lower Layers to the LANs and WANs339

The Internet vs.Online Services339

The Internet's History340

Internet Software： Clients and Servers341

Exploring Internet Services342

Electronic Mail（Email）：Staying in Touch342

The World Wide Web（WWW）：Accessing Information343

FTP：Transferring Files343

Usenet：Joining Online Discussions344

IRC：Text Chatting in Real Time347

Internet Telephony：Real-Time Voice and Video347

More Internet Services348

How the Internet Works：A Geography of Cyberspace349

Configuring Your Computer for Internet Access349

Accessing the Internet349

Internet Service Providers（ISPs）350

Backbones350

The Internet Protocols（TCP/IP）350

The Domain Name System351

Intranets：Using TCP/IP Inside the Enterprise352

The Future of the Internet352

More Internet Addresses352

More Bandwidth352

Module7B The World Wide Web and E-Commerce357

Welcome to the Web358

The Hypertext Concept358

Web Browsers and Web Servers359

Web Addresses（URLs）359

Web Protocols360

Web Page Design Tools360

Browsing the Web361

Exploring Your Browser′s Window361

Default Start Page361

Accessing Web Pages362

Using the Back and Forward Buttons362

Using Navigation Aids362

History List362

Favorites and Bookmarks362

Finding Information on the Web363

Understanding Information Discovery Tools363

Subject Guides363

Search Engines363

Search Techniques364

Inclusion and Exclusion364

Wildcards365

Phrase and Boolean Searches365

Evaluating the Information You've Found366

Rules for Critically Evaluating Web Pages366

Locating Material in Published Works367

Authoritative Sources Online367

Electronic Commerce367

Business-to-Business E-Commerce367

Online Shopping367

Secure Electronic Transactions（SET）370

Online Banking372

Online Stock Trading372

E-Postage374

Module 7C Using Email378

Email Fundamentals379

Email Servers and Clients379

Email Addresses379

Email Protocols380

Introducing Email Clients380

Getting an Account380

Setting Up Your Email Client381

Exploring Your Email Clien＇s Window382

Composing′ Receiving′ and Forwarding Email382

Logging On to the Mail Server382

Receiving Email382

Replying Directly to the Author383

Replying to All383

Composing Email383

Email Tips384

Forwarding Email385

Receiving Attachments：Beware!385

Sending Attachments：Be Courteous385

Managing Email386

Organizing Your Mail386

Filtering Incoming Mail386

Mailing Lists387

Subscribing to a Mailing List387

Participating in a Mailing List388

Unsubscribing388

Using Email Responsibly388

Using Email at Work388

Backup Tapes388

Additional Risks389

How to Stay out of Trouble389

Module7D Creating a Web Page394

The Web Publishing Process395

Defining Your Purpose395

Defining Your Audience：Who's Reading Your Page?397

Introducing HTML397

Content vs.Structure397

Structure vs.Presentation398

HTML Markup vs.Word Processing Formats398

Introducing HTML Elements399

Tools for Creating HTML400

Making Design Decisions400

Creating Your Page401

Choosing Your HTML Editor401

Entering the Global Structure401

Defining the Head402

Creating the Body403

Adding Hyperlinks408

Adding Images410

Testing Your Page411

Publishing Your Page411

Web Publishing Horizons411

Learning More HTML411

XML：The Web's Next Language412

Introducing XML412

How XML Works413

Introducing XHTML414

Chapter 8Creating Information Systems420

Module8A Introducing Information Systems422

Computerized Information Systems（CIS）：Serving an Organization's Needs423

Understanding Complex Organizations：The Power Pyramid424

Functional Divisions of an Organization424

Chain of Command425

Information：The Good Kind and the Other Kind427

Characteristics of Valuable Information427

Techniques of Information Reduction427

Information Systems in Organizations：A Survey429

Transaction Processing System（TPS）429

Management Information System（MIS）429

Decision Support System（DSS）430

Executive Information System（EIS）430

Expert System430

Knowledge Management System430

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work（CSCW）431

Workflow Automation431

Business Process Reengineering（BPR）431

Data Warehousing and Data Mining433

Computers in the Retail Sector433

At the Checkout Stand433

Retail the Wal-Mart Way434

Module8B3 Systems Analysis and Design439

System Analysts：Communication Counts440

The Systems Development Life Cycle（SDLC）：A Problem-Solving Approach440

The Five Phases of SDLC441

Avoiding Mistakes441

The Watertall Model443

Phase1：Identifying the Problem and Opportunities443

Recognizing the Need for the System443

Defining the Problem443

Identifying Opportunities444

Developing a Plan444

Determining Feasibility444

Preparing the Project Proposal446

Phase2：Analyzing and Documenting the Existing Information System446

Analyzing the Existing System446

Determining the New System's Requirements446

Phase3：Designing the System446

Phase4：Implementing the System448

Deciding to Build or Buy448

Developing the Software448

Testing449

Training449

Converting Systems449

Phase5：Supporting the System449

Module8C Programming Languages and Program Development453

First-Generation Languages：1s and Os454

Second-Generation Languages：A Little Easier454

Third-Generation Languages：Programming Comes of Age455

Compilers and Interpreters455

Spaghetti Code and the Great Software Crisis456

Structured Programming Languages456

Modular Programming Languages456

Fourth-Generation Languages：Getting Away from Procedure456

Object Oriented Programming：A Revolution in the Making?457

Eliminating the Program vs.Data Distinction457

What Is an Object?458

Classes458

Inheritance458

Rapid Application Development（RAD）458

Middleware（Objects Across the Enterprise）458

A Guide to Programming Languages：One Size Doesn't Fit All459

COBOL and Fortran：For Some People，Retro Rules!459

Structured and Modular Languages460

Object-Oriented（OO）Languages462

Introducing the Program Development Life Cycle464

Phase1：Defining the Problem465

Phase2：Designing the Program465

Phase3：Coding the Program468

Phase4：Testing and Debugging the Program468

Phase5：Formalizing the Solution468

Phase6：Implementing and Maintaining the Program468

Chapter 9Social and Ethical Issues of Computing476

Module9A Privacy and Encryption478

Privacy and Anonymity in Cyberspace479

The Problem：Collection of Information Without Consent480

The Internet Factor480

Protecting Privacy： Basic Principles481

Anonymity481

How Is Technology Eroding Privacy and Anonymity?482

Cookies482

Global Unique Identifiers （GUIDs）483

Is Self-Regulation Sufficient?484

Privacy at Work484

Protecting Your Privacy Online485

The Encryption Debate486

Encryption Basics486

The Problem of Key Interception486

Public-Key Encryption487

Security Issues of Strong Encryption487

Export Restrictions488

The Global Dimension489

Module9B Computer Crime and Security494

Scope of the Problem495

Computer and Internet Crime：Tools and Techniques495

Tricks for Obtaining Passwords496

Salami Shaving and Data Diddling496

Forgery497

Security Loophole Detection Programs497

Computer Viruses497

More Rogue Programs498

Meet the Attackers499

Crackers,Cyber Gangs,and Virus Authors499

Disgruntled Employees500

Spies500

Swindlers501

Shills501

Cyberstalkers and Sexual Predators502

Enemies and Terrorists502

What's at Stake?503

Consumption of Staff Time503

Downtime503

Fraud and Theft503

Adverse Publicity505

Vandalism505

Character Assassination505

Loss of Privacy505

Risks to Public Safety506

Denial of Service506

Playing It Safe506

Protecting Computers from Power-Related Problems506

Controlling Access507

Using Firewalls507

Using Encryption508

Using Antivirus Programs508

Backing Up Data508

Avoiding Scams509

Preventing Cyberstalkers510

Module9C Ethics：Doing the Right Thing514

Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems515

Plagiarism515

Software Piracy516

Copyright © 2025  最新更新

Introducing Ethics518

Moral Dilemmas518

Ethical Principles518

Thinking Through Moral Dilemmas519

Computer Ethics for Computer Users520

Ten Commandments for Computer Ethics520

Netiquette520

Computer Ethics for Computer Professionals521

Safety First521

Additional Ethical Responsibilities522

The ACM Code of Conduct522

Programmer Liability522

Computer Ethics in Business524

Whistle-Blowing524

Chapter 10Computers and You530

Module10A Buying and Upgrading Your Computer System532

Get Started the Right Way533

Notebook or Desktop?533

Mac or PC?534

Top-of-the-Line or Bargain Bin Special?535

Anticipate Your Software Needs535

Choose the Right Hardware535

Processors536

Memory536

Hard Disks536

Video Cards and Monitors537

Modems538

Network Cards538

Sound538

Keyboard and Mouse538

Uninterruptible Power Supply（UPS）540

Get the Right Printer540

Shop Wisely540

Buying Used542

Name-Brand Windows PCs542

Generic Windows PCs542

Building Your Own Windows PC542

Caring for Your Computer System542

Upgrading Your System543

Removing the Cover543

Adding Expansion Boards544

Upgrading Memory544

Replacing the Cover546

Module10B Avoiding Risks to Your Health550

Eyesight Problems551

Computer Vision Syndrome（CVS）551

Preventing CVS551

Accessories for Eye Protection552

Cumulative Trauma Disorders552

Computer-Related CTDs554

Symptoms554

How Serious Are CTDs?554

Preventing Cumulative Trauma Disorder555

Accessories for CTD Prevention555

Improving Computer Access for People with Disabilities556

Module10C Careers and Certification561

Traditional Information Technology（IT）Career Paths562

Training for Traditional IT Careers563

Traditional Methods of Continuing Education565

Jobs for Nondegreed IT Workers566

New Information Technology （IT） Career Paths566

Sought-After Business Skills567

Sought-After Technology Skills568

New Technologies,New Jobs569

Certification569

The Effect of Computers on Overall Emp+loyment571

Module10D Emerging Technologies576

Tomorrow's Hardware：Faster,Cheaper,Connected577

The Short Term578

The Long Term578

The Limits of Trend Extrapolation578

Artificial Intelligence：Toward the Smart Machine?579

Defining Intelligence579

The Turing Test580

Brute Force581

AI Achievements581

Strong AI585

Selected Solutions593

Acronym Finder597

GlossaryG599

Illustration Credits629

Index633