材料手同 6 矿物 矿石 宝石 岩石 陨石【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Introduction13

12 Minerals,Ores and Gemstones751

12.1 Definitions751

12.2 Mineralogical,Physical and Chemical Properties756

12.2.1 Mineral Names756

12.2.2 Chemical Formula and Theoretical Chemical Composition757

12.2.3 Crystallographic Properties757

12.2.4 Habit or Crystal Form758

12.2.5 Color759

12.2.6 Diaphaneity or Transmission of Light760

12.2.7 Luster760

12.2.8 Cleavage and Parting760

12.2.9 Fracture761

12.2.10 Streak761

12.2.11 Tenacity761

12.2.12 Density and Specific Gravity762

12.2.13 Mohs Hardness762

12.2.14 Optical Properties765

12.2.15 Static Electricity and Magnetism766

12.2.16 Luminescence766

12.2.17 Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity766

12.2.18 Play of Colors and Chatoyancy767

12.2.19 Radioactivity767

12.2.20 Miscellaneous Properties767

12.2.21 Chemical Reactivity767

12.2.22 Pyrognostic Tests or Fire Assays768

12.2.22.1 The Flame Test768

12.2.22.2 The Fusibility Test770

12.2.22.3 The Reduction on Charcoal771

12.2.22.4 Tests with Cobalt Nitrate and Sulfur Iodide771

12.2.22.5 The Closed Tube Test772

12.2.22.6 The Open Tube Test774

12.2.22.7 The Bead Tests775

12.2.23 Heavy-Media or Sink-float Separations in Mineralogy776

12.2.23.1 Selection of Dense Media777

12.2.23.2 Common Heavy Liquids Used in Mineralogy777

12.3 Strunz Classification of Minerals777

12.4 Dana's Classification of Minerals779

12.5 Gemstones781

12.5.1 Diamond783

12.5.1.1 Introduction783

12.5.1.2 Diamond Types784

12.5.1.3 Diamond Physical and Chemical Properties784

12.5.1.4 Diamond：Origins and Occurrence786

12.5.1.5 Industrial Applications787

12.5.1.6 Diamond Prices788

12.5.1.7 Treatments788

12.5.1.8 Diamond Shaping and Valuation788

12.5.2 Beryl Gem Varieties789

12.5.2.1 Emerald790

12.5.2.2 Aquamarine791

12.5.2.3 Morganite792

12.5.2.4 Heliodor792

12.5.2.5 Goshenite792

12.5.3 Corundum Gem Varieties792

12.5.3.1 Ruby794

12.5.3.2 Sapphire794

12.5.4 Synthetic Gemstones795

12.5.4.1 Synthesis from Melts795

12.5.4.2 Synthesis from Solutions796

12.5.4.3 Diamond Synthesis797

12.6 IMA Acronyms of Rock-forming Minerals798

12.7 Mineral and Gemstone Properties Table800

12.8 Mineral Synonyms868

12.9 Further Reading878

12.9.1 Crystallography878

12.9.2 Optical Mineralogy879

12.9.3 Mineralogy880

12.9.4 Industrial Minerals881

12.9.5 Ores881

12.9.6 Gemstones882

12.9.7 Heavy Liquids and Mineral Dressing883

13 Rocks and Meteorites885

13.1 Introduction885

13.2 Structure of the Earth's Interior886

13.3 Different Type of Rocks889

13.4 Igneous Rocks890

13.4.1 Classification of Igneous Rocks891

13.4.1.1 Crystals Morphology and Dimensions892

13.4.1.2 Mineralogy892

13.4.1.3 Coloration894

13.4.2 Texture of Igneous Rocks895

13.4.3 Chemistry of Igneous Rocks896

13.4.4 General Classification of Igneous Rocks899

13.4.5 Vesicular and Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks904

13.5 Sedimentary Rocks904

13.5.1 Sediments906

13.5.2 Residual Sedimentary Rocks906

13.5.3 Detritic or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks907

13.5.4 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks908

13.5.5 Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks909

13.5.6 Chemical Composition910

13.6 Metamorphic Rocks910

13.6.1 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks911

13.6.2 Metamorphic Grade911

13.6.3 Metamorphic Facies912

13.7 Ice912

13.8 Meteorites914

13.8.1 Definitions914

13.8.2 Modern Classification of Meteorites914

13.8.3 Tektites,Impactites,and Fulgurites920

13.9 Properties of Common Rocks921

13.10 Further Reading925