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Chapter 1 The Origins of Shipping1

The Setting and the Beginning:The Ancient Mariners1

Early Sea Law:The Custom of Phoenician,Greek,and Rhodian Sea Trade4

Codification of Early Sea Law:Roman Marine Policy10

Ocean Chaos Leads to New Sea Law:Roman Decline and Mediterranean City-States15

Conclusions19

Chapter 2 The Evolution of Marine Transport25

The Expansion of European Sea Trade25

Sovereignty Over the Open Seas:The Early Claims30

The Enlarged Oceans:The Age of Discovery33

Colonies and Conquests:Sea Trade and Maritime Conflict36

The Birth of the Modern Law of the Sea:The Times of Grotius43

Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Seventeenth Century50

New Oceanic Rivalries:France as a Maritime Power51

Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Eighteenth Century61

Chapter 3 The Making of a Maritime State71

England's Path to Maritime Leadership amid Political Instability71

The Congress of Vienna and the New European Public Order78

The Worldwide Expansion of British Commerce and Sea Trade80

Shipping-Technology Revolution:From Sail to Steam90

The New Route to the East:The Suez Canal93

Maritime Commerce,Law,and Policy and the Industrial Revolution95

Conclusions:A Maritime State Created98

Chapter 4 The Creation of Maritime Power107

The Commencement of the Division between Commercial Rules and Public Policy107

The Emergence of New Maritime States111

New Aspects of International Marine-Transport Law and Policy114

Conclusions:Maritime Law and Policy at the End of the Nineteenth Century131

Empires and Colonies,Ships and Trade Routes:The Rivalry for World Power133

Conclusions:Maritime Policies and World Power on Collision Course145

The Growth of the Law of Nations:Last Hope for Humanity147

Conclusions:The Eve of World War I156

Chapter 5 World Shipping in War and Peace167

Prelude to World War I:Preparations in Europe and Adventures in Asia167

The War at Sea:The Disappearance of International Law170

Conclusions:The End of World War Ⅰ178

Petroleum:New Energy Source with Revolutionary Shipping Implications180

World Shipping in the Interwar Years188

Conclusions:The Eve of World War Ⅱ200

International Maritime Law in an Unstable Era202

Prelude to World War Ⅱ:Aggression in Asia and Africa,Unrest in Europe209

Total War at Sea:The Struggle for Control of the Oceans213

Conclusions:Victory at Sea220

Chapter 6 The Internationalization of Marine Transport233

Introduction:A New Economic System Emerges from the War233

The Creation of the United Nations:Search for World Peace and Stability240

The Law and Policy of World Shipping in the Aftermath of World War Ⅱ245

The Law of the Sea:The Divergence of Ocean-Use Interests248

IMCO:The First Difficult Decade255

The United Nations and the Law of the Sea260

The Changing Political World:Emergence of the Third World272

The Ocean Environment:Marine-Pollution Law and Policy284

Maritime Law and Policy in a New Era291

Chapter 7 New Challenges for Marine Transport307

Introduction:Shipping and the Lessons of History307

The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea316

The Environment:New Challenges for a Fragile System321

IMCO:The Second Important Decade339

UNCTAD and the New International Economic Order346

The New Direction of Marine Transport356

Conclusions:The International Law and Policy of Marine Transport in a changing World361

Bibliography377

List of Statutes411

List of Cases413

Index415

About the Author425