大学物理学【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 INTRODUCTION，MEASUREMENT，ESTIMATING1

1-1 The Nature of Science1

1-2 Models，Theories，and Laws3

1-3 Measurement and Uncertainty；Significant Figures3

1-4 Units，Standards，and the SI System5

1-5 Converting Units7

1-6 Order of Magnitude：Rapid Estimating8

1-7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis11

SUMMARY12

QUESTIONS12

PROBLEMS13

GENERAL PROBLEMS14

2 DESCRIBING MOTION：KINEMA-TICS IN ONE DIMENSION16

2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement17

2-2 Average Velocity18

2-3 Instantaneous Velocity19

2-4 Acceleration22

2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration25

2-6 Solving Problems27

2-7 Falling Objects30

2-8 Use of Calculus；Variable Acceleration34

SUMMARY36

QUESTIONS36

PROBLEMS37

GENERAL PROBLEMS41

3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS；VECTORS44

3-1 Vectors and Scalars44

3-2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods45

3-3 Subtraction of Vectors，and Multiplication of a Vector by a Sealar46

3-4 Adding Vectors by Components47

3-5 Unit Vectors51

3-6 Vector Kinematics52

3-7 Projectile Motion54

3-8 Solving Problems involving Projectile Motion56

3-9 Uniform Circular Motion62

3-10 Relative Velocity64

SUMMARY67

QUESTIONS68

PROBLEMS69

GENERAL PROBLEMS74

4 DYNAMICS：NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION77

4-1 Force77

4-2 Newton's First Law of Motion78

4-3 Mass79

4-4 Newton's Second Law of Motion79

4-5 Newton's Third Law of Motion82

4-6 Weight—the Force of Gravity；and the Normal Force85

4-7 Solving Problems with Newton's Laws：Free-Body Diagrams88

4-8 Problem Solving—A General Approach94

SUMMARY95

QUESTIONS96

PROBLEMS97

GENERAL PROBLEMS102

5 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON'S LAWS105

5-1 Applications of Newton's Laws Involving Friction105

5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion113

5-3 Highway Curves，Banked and Unbanked116

5-4 Nonumform Circular Motion119

5-5 Velocity-Dependent Forces；Terminal Velocity120

SUMMARY122

QUESTIONS122

PROBLEMS123

GENERAL PROBLEMS128

6 GRAVITATION AND NEWTON'S SYNTHESIS132

6-1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation132

6-2 Satellites and“Weightlessness”136

6-3 Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis140

6-4 Gravitational Field143

6-5 Types of Forces in Nature144

6-6 Gravitational Versus Inertial Mass；the Principle of Equivalence144

6-7 Gravitation as Curvature of Space；Black Holes145

QUESTIONS146

7 WORK AND ENERGY147

7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force147

7-2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors151

7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force152

7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle156

7-5 Kinetic Energy at Very High Speed160

SUMMARY161

QUESTIONS161

PROBLEMS162

GENERAL PROBLEMS166

8 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY168

8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces168

8-2 Potential Energy170

8-3 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation174

8-4 Problem Solving Using Conserva-tion of Mechanical Energy175

8-5 The Law of Conservation of Energy181

8-6 Energy Conservation with Dissipa-tive Forces：Solving Problems182

8-7 Gravitational Potential Energy and Escape Velocity184

8-8 Power186

8-9 Potential Energy Diagrams；Stable and Unstable Equilibrium189

SUMMARY190

QUESTIONS191

PROBLEMS192

GENERAL PROBLEMS197

9 LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS200

9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force200

9-2 Conservation of Momentum202

9-3 Collisions and Impulse205

9-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions208

9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension208

9-6 Inelastic Collisions211

9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions213

9-8 Center of Mass（CM）214

9-9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion219

9-10 Systems of Variable Mass；Rocket Propulsion221

SUMMARY223

QUESTIONS224

PROBLEMS225

GENERAL PROBLEMS231

10 ROTATIONAL MOTION ABOUT A FIXED AXIS234

10-1 Angular Quantities235

10-2 Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Rotational Motion238

10-3 Rolling Motion（without slipping）239

10-4 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities241

10-5 Torque241

10-6 Rotational Dynamics；Torque and Rotational Inertia243

10-7 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics245

10-8 Determining Moments of Inertia248

10-9 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation251

10-10 Rotational Kinetic Energy254

10-11 Rotational Plus Translational Motion；Rolling256

10-12 Why Does a Rolling Sphere Slow Down？262

SUMMARY263

QUESTIONS264

PROBLEMS265

GENERAL PROBLEMS271

11 GENERAL ROTATION275

11-1 Vector Cross Product275

11-2 The Torque Vector276

11-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle277

11-4 Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles；General Motion278

11-5 Angular Momentum and Torque for a Rigid Body280

11-6 Rotational Imbalance283

11-7 Conservation of Angular Momentum284

11-8 The Spinning Top286

11-9 Rotating Frames of Reference；Inertial Forces287

11-10 The Coriolis Effect288

SUMMARY290

QUESTIONS291

PROBLEMS291

GENERAL PROBLEMS295

12 OSCILATIONS297

12-1 Oscillations of a Spring297

12-2 Simple Harmonic Motion299

12-3 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator304

12-4 Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion306

12-5 The Simple Pendulum307

12-6 The Physical Pendulum and the Torsion Pendulum308

12-7 Damped Harmonic Motion310

12-8 Forced Vibrations；Resonance313

SUMMARY315

QUESTIONS316

PROBLEMS317

GENERAL PROBLEMS322

13 WAVE MOTION325

13-1 Characteristics of Wave Motion326

13-2 Wave Types327

13-3 Energy Transported by Waves331

13-4 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave332

13-5 The Wave Equation335

13-6 The Principle of Superposition337

13-7 Reflection and Transmission338

13-8 Intefference339

13-9 Standing Waves；Resonance341

13-10 Refraction344

13-11 Diffraction345

SUMMARY346

QUESTIONS347

PROBLEMS347

GENERAL PROBLEMS351

14 SOUND354

14-1 Characteristics of Sound354

14-2 Intensity of Sound；Decibels356

14-3 Interference of Sound Waves；Beats359

14-4 Doppler Effect361

14-5 Shock Wayes and the Sonic Boom365

14-6 Applications；Sonar，Ultrasound and Ultrasound Imaging366

SUMMARY367

QUESTIONS368

PROBLEMS368

GENERAL PROBLEMS371

15 TEMPERATURE AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW373

15-1 Atomic Theory of Matter374

15-2 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics375

15-3 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature375

15-4 The Ideal Gas Law377

15-5 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law378

15-6 Ideal Gas Law inTerms of Molecules：Avogadro's Number379

15-7 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale—a Standard380

SUMMARY381

QUESTIONS382

PROBLEMS382

GENERAL PROBLEMS383

16 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES384

16-1 The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecul-ar Interpretation of Temperature384

16-2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds388

16-3 Real Gases and Changes of Phase390

16-4 Vapor Pressure and Humidity392

16-5 Van der Waals Equation of State394

16-6 Mean Free Path396

16-7 Diffusion397

SUMMARY398

QUESTIONS399

PROBLEMS400

GENERAL PROBLEMS402

17 HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS404

17-1 Heat as Energy Transfer404

17-2 Internal Energy406

17-3 Specific Heat407

17-4 The First Law of Thermodynamics407

17-5 Applying the First Law of Thermodvnamics：Calculating the Work409

17-6 Molar Specific Heats for Gases，and the Equipartition of Energy412

17-7 Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas416

17-8 Heat Transfer：Conduction，Convection，Radiation417

SUMMARY422

QUESTIONS423

PROBLEMS424

GENERAL PROBLEMS427

18 SECOND LAW OF THERMOD-YNAMICS429

18-1 The Second Law ofThermodynamics—Introduction429

18-2 Heat Engines430

18-3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes；the Carnot Engine433

18-4 Refrigerators，Air Conditioners，and Heat Pumps438

18-5 Entropy440

18-6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics441

18-7 Order to Disorder445

18-8 Energy Availability；Heat Death446

18-9 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law446

18-10 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale；Absolute Zero，and the Third Law of Thermodynamics448

SUMMARY449

QUESTIONS450

PROBLEMS451

GENERAL PROBLEMS454

19 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD456

19-1 Static Electricity；Electric Charge and Its Conservation456

19-2 Electric Charge in the Atom457

19-3 Insulators and Conductors458

19-4 Induced Charge；the Electroscope459

19-5 Coulomb's Law460

19-6 The Electric Field464

19-7 Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions468

19-8 Field Lines471

19-9 Electric Fields and Conductors473

19-10 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field474

19-11 Electric Dipoles475

SUMMARY477

QUESTIONS478

PROBLEMS479

GENERAL PROBLEMS483

20 GAUSS'S LAW486

20-1 Electric Flux487

20-2 Gauss's Law489

20-3 Applications of Gauss's Law491

20-4 Experimental Basis of Gauss's and Coulomb's Law496

SUMMARY496

QUESTIONS497

PROBLEMS498

GENERAL PROBLEMS500

21 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL502

21-1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference502

21-2 Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field505

21-3 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges507

21-4 Potential Due to Any Charge Distribution510

21-5 Equipotential Surfaces511

21-6 Electric Dipoles512

21-7 E Determined from V513

21-8 Electrostatic Potential Energy；the Electron Volt515

21-9 Cathode Ray Tube：TV and Computer Monitors，Oscilloscope516

SUMMARY518

QUESTIONS518

PROBLEMS519

GENERAL PROBLEMS522

22 CAPACITANCE，DIELECTRICS，ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE525

22-1 Capacitors525

22-2 Determination of Capacitance526

22-3 Capacitors in Series and Parallel529

22-4 Electric Energy Storage532

22-5 Dielectrics533

22-6 Molecular Description of Dielectrics536

SUMMARY539

QUESTIONS539

PROBLEMS540

GENERAL PROBLEMS544

23 ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND RESISTANCE547

23-1 The Electric Battery548

23-2 Electric Current549

23-3 Ohm's Law：Resistance and Resistors550

23-4 Resistivity553

23-5 Electric Power554

23-6 Alternating Current555

23-7 Microscopic View of Electric Current：Current Density and Drift Velocity556

23-8 Superconductivity559

SUMMARY560

QUESTIONS561

PROBLEMS562

GENERAL PROBLEMS564

24 DC CIRCUITS565

24-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage566

24-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel567

24-3 Kirchhoff's Rules569

24-4 Circuits Containing Resistor and Capacitor（RC Circuits）572

SUMMARY576

QUESTIONS576

PROBLEMS577

GENERAL PROBLEMS579

25 MAGNETISM580

25-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields580

25-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetism582

25-3 Force on an Electric Current in a MagneticField；DefinitionofB583

25-4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field586

25-5 Torque on a Current Loop；Magnetic Dipole Moment589

25-6 Applications：Galvanometers，Motors，Loudspeakers591

25-7 Discovery and Properties of the Electron592

25-8 The Hall Effect594

25-9 Mass Spectrometer595

SUMMARY596

QUESTIONS597

PROBLEMS598

GENERAL PROBLEMS601

26 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD604

26-1 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire604

26-2 Force between Two Parallel Wires605

26-3 Operational Definitions of the Ampere and the Coulomb607

26-4 Ampère's Law607

26-5 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid611

26-6 Biot-Savart Law613

26-7 Magnetic Materials—Ferromagnetism616

26-8 Electromagnets and Solenoids617

26-9 Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials；Hysteresis618

26-10 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism620

SUMMARY621

QUESTIONS621

PROBLEMS622

GENERAL PROBLEMS626

27 ELECTROMAGNETIC lNDUCTION AND FARADAY'S LAW629

27-1 Induced EMF629

27-2 Faraday's Law of Induction；Lenz's Law630

27-3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor634

27-4 A Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field635

27-5 Applications of Induction：Sound Systems，Computer Memory，the Seismograph637

SUMMARY638

QUESTIONS638

PROBLEMS639

GENERAL PROBLEMS642

28 INDUCTANCE；AND ELECTRO-MAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS643

28-1 Mutual Inductance643

28-2 Self-Inductance645

28-3 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field647

28-4 LR Circuits648

28-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations650

28-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance（LRC Circuit）653

SUMMARY654

QUESTIONS655

PROBLEMS656

GENERAL PROBLEMS658

29 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES660

29-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields；Ampère's Law and Displacement Current661

29-2 Gauss'S Law for Magnetism664

29-3 Maxwell's Equations664

29-4 Production of Electromagnetic Waves665

29-5 Electromagnetic Waayes，and Their Speed，from Maxwell's Equations667

29-6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum670

29-7 Energy in EM Waves；the Poynting Vector672

29-8 Radiation Pressure674

SUMMARY676

QUESTIONS676

PROBLEMS677

GENERAL PROBLEMS678

30 THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT；INTERFERENCE680

30-1 Huygens'Principle and Diffraction680

30-2 Huygens'Principle and the Law of Refraction681

30-3 Interference—Young's Double-Slit Experiment683

30-4 Coherence687

30-5 Intensity in the Double-Slit Interference Pattern687

30-6 Interference in Thin Films691

30-7 Michelson Interferometer695

30-8 Luminous Intensity695

SUMMARY696

QUESTIONS697

PROBLEMS698

GENERAL PROBLEMS700

31 DIFFRACTION AND POLARIZATION702

31-1 Diffraction by a Single Slit703

31-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Dfffraction Pattern705

31-3 Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment708

31-4 Limits of Resolution；Circular Apertures709

31-5 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes；the λ Linit710

31-6 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification713

31-7 Diffraction Grating713

31-8 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy715

31-9 Peak Widths and Resolving Power for a Diffraction Grating716

31-10 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction718

31-11 Polarization720

31-12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere724

SUMMARY725

QUESTIONS726

PROBLEMS726

GENERAL PROBLEMS729

32 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY731

32-1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity732

32-2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment734

32-3 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity736

32-4 Simultaneity737

32-5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox739

32-6 Length Contraction743

32-7 Four-Dimensional Space-Time745

32-8 Galflean and Lorentz Transformations746

32-9 Relativistic Momentum and Mass749

32-10 The Ultimate Speed751

32-11 Energy and Mass；E＝mc2751

32-12 Doppler Shift for Light754

32-13 The Impact of Special Relativity756

SUMMARY756

QUESTIONS757

PROBLEMS758

GENERAL PROBLEMS761

33 EARLY QUANTUM THEORY AND MODELS OF THE ATOM763

33-1 Planck's Quantum Hypothesis763

33-2 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect765

33-3 Photons and the Compton Effect769

33-4 Photon Interactions；Pair Production771

33-5 Wave-Particle Duality；the Principle of Complementarity772

33-6 Wave Nature of Matter772

33-7 Electron Microscopes774

33-8 Early Models of the Atom775

33-9 Atomic Spectra：Key to the Structure of the Atom776

33-10 The Bohr Model778

33-11 de Broglie's HypothesisApplied to Atoms784

SUMMARY785

QUESTIONS786

PROBLEMS787

GENERAL PROBLEMS790

34 QUANTUM MECHANICS792

34-1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory793

34-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation；the Double-Slit Experiment793

34-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle795

34-4 Philosophic Implications；Probablity Versus Determinism798

34-5 The Schr？dinger Equation in One Dimension—Time-Independent Form799

34-6 Time-Dependent Schr？dinger Equatioff801

34-7 Free Particles；Plane Wayes and Wave Packets803

34-8 Particle in an Infinitely Deep Squ-are Well Potential （a Rigid Box）804

34-9 Finite Potential Well807

34-10 Tunneling through a Barrier809

SUMMARY812

QUESTIONS813

PROBLEMS814

GENERAL PROBLEMS816

35 QUANTUM MECHANICS OF ATOMS818

35-1 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms818

35-2 Hydrogen Atom：Schr？dinger Equation and Quantum Numbers819

35-3 Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions822

35-4 Complex Atoms；the Exclusion Principle826

35-5 The Periodic Table of Elements827

35-6 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number829

35-7 Magnetic Dipole Moments；Total Angular Momentum831

35-8 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence834

35-9 Lasers835

35-10 Holography838

SUMMARY839

QUESTIONS840

PROBLEMS841

GENERAL PROBLEMS844

36 MOLECULES AND SOLIDS846

36-1 Bonding in Molecules846

36-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules849

36-3 Weak（van der Waals）Bonds852

36-4 Molecular Spectra853

36-5 Bonding in Solids859

36-6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals860

36-7 Band Theory of Solids864

36-8 Semiconductors and Doping866

36-9 Semiconductor Diodes867

36-10 Transistors and Integrated Circuits869

SUMMARY870

QUESTIONS871

PROBLEMS872

GENERAL PROBLEMS875

37 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIOACTIVITY877

37-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus877

37-2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces880

37-3 Radioactivity882

37-4 Alpha Decay883

37-5 Beta Decay885

37-6 Gamma Decay887

37-7 Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws888

37-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay888

37-9 Decay Series891

37-10 Radioactive Dating893

37-11 Detection of Radiation894

SUMMARY895

QUESTIONS896

PROBLEMS897

38 NUCLEAR ENERGY900

38-1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements900

38-2 Cross Section903

38-3 Nuclear Fission；Nuclear Reactors904

38-4 Fusion909

SUMMARY913

QUESTIONS914

PROBLEMS915

39 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES917

39-1 High-Energy Particles918

39-2 Particle Accelerators and Detectors918

39-3 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics—Particle Exchange923

39-4 Particles and Antiparticles926

39-5 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws926

39-6 Particle Classification928

39-7 Particle Stability and Resonances928

39-8 Strange Particles930

39-9 Quarks931

39-10 The“Standard Model”：Quantum Chromodynamics （QCD）and the Electroweak Theory934

39-11 Grand Unified Theories935

QUESTIONS937

40 ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY939

40-1 Stars and Galaxies940

40-2 Stellar Evolution；the Birth and Death of Stars944

40-3 General Relativity：Gravity and the Curvature of Space949

40-4 The Expanding Universe954

40-5 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave B ackground956

40-6 The Standard Cosmological Model：The Early History of the Universe958

40-7 The Future of the Universe？961

QUESTIONS964

APPENDICES965

A MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS967

A-1 Quadratic Formula967

A-2 Binomial Expansion967

A-3 Other Expansions967

A-4 Areas and Volumes968

A-5 Plane Geometry968

A-6 Tirigonometric Functions and Identities968

A-7 Logarithms969

A-8 Vectors970

B DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS971

B-1 Derivatives：General Rules971

B-2 Derivatives：Particular Functions971

B-3 Indefinite Integrals：General Rules971

B-4 Indefinite Integrals：Particular Functions972

B-5 A few Definite Integrals972

C GRAVITATIONAL FORCE DUETO A SPHERICAL MASS DISTRIBUTION973

ANSWERS TO PARTS OF PROBLEMS976