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3.5 Example:Student Administration 31

Part One An Object-Oriented View on Persistence1

Chapter 1 A New Generation of Software3

1.1 FromDatatoInformation3

1.2 Improving Software Quality4

1.3 Databases Everywhere4

1.4 ToHave andtoHold5

1.5 Concentrating on the Essence5

1.6 The Importance of Scalability6

1.7 Application Program Interfaces7

1.8 TheRoadtoFollow7

2.1 Walking among Dinosaurs9

Chapter 2 The Database Community Today9

2.3 Database Users10

2.2 Database Usage10

2.4 Designing Database Applications11

Contents11

Foreword11

2.5 Relational Databases12

Preface13

2.6 Client/Server Systems15

Acknowledgments17

2.7 Distributed Software18

2.8 Problems with Traditional Systems19

About theAuthor19

2.9 4GL:The Solution?20

2.10 Object-Oriented Databases21

2.11 Preserving Openness23

2.12 Summary24

3.1 Data-Driven Software Design25

Chapter 3 An Object-Oriented View on Database Applications25

3.2 Supporting Multiple Applications28

3.3 Object-Oriented Software Design29

3.4 The Object Model30

3.6 Business Models and Supporting Multiple Applications34

3.7 C++,Java,or Smalltalk:The Ultimate Answer?35

3.8 Building Reusable Software38

3.11 User Interfaces40

3.10 Object Orientation and Client/Server Design40

3.9 Toward Open Client/Server Applications40

3.12 Analogy between User Interfaces and Databases41

3.13 Object-Oriented or Relational?43

3.14 Persistence from a Different Angle44

3.15 Persistence and Separation of Concerns44

3.16 Safety Issues46

3.17 Summary46

Part Two An Architecture for Object Persistence47

4.1 Introduction49

Chapter 4 Making Objects Persistent49

4.2 Basic Requirements of a Persistence Framework50

4.3 Obtaining Scalability50

4.4 Interfacing with a Relational World:Problems to Conquer51

4.5 Abstracting the Database57

4.6 An Architecture for Object Persistence58

4.7 Summary60

5.1 A Persistent Container Class61

5.2 Basic Functionality of PSet61

Chapter 5 Abstracting the Database61

5.3 Implementing the Persistence Architecture63

5.4 Resolving the Impedance Mismatch65

5.5 Reading and Writing Objects71

5.6 Direct Instances of PSet73

5.7 Searching for Objects75

5.8 Supporting Multiple Technologies79

5.9 Summary81

6.1 Deriving from PSet83

Chapter 6 Encapsulating Data Access83

6.2 Example:Class City87

6.3 Using Class City93

6.4 Member Objects93

6.5 Derived IM Resolvers94

6.6 Class Extension99

6.7 Compile-Time Decoupling100

6.8 Reuse and Migration to Other Technologies104

6.9 Summary104

Part Three Implementing Business Models105

7.1 Developing a Simple Invoicing System107

Chapter 7 Designing Business Objects107

7.2 Searching Compound Objects116

7.3 Object ID versus Primary Key118

7.4 Developing Generic IM Resolvers121

7.5 An OID-Based Reference Class126

7.6 Supporting Existing Database Layouts130

7.7 Versioning131

7.8 Stability of Program Code against Schema Changes134

7.9 Storing Multimedia Objects135

7.10 Efficiency139

7.11 Summary145

Chapter 8 Inheritance of Persistent Objects147

8.1 Specialization:Using Inheritance for Reuse147

8.2 Generalization:Using Inheritance for Polymorphism152

8.3 Using Generalizations as Member Objects158

8.4 Inheritance in Relational Database Systems162

8.5 Designing Reusable Software Components170

8.6 Summary173

9.1 Many-to-One Relationships175

Chapter 9 Associations175

9.2 Attributes versus Associations176

9.3 Collections:One-to-Many Relationships178

9.4 Associations and Reuse186

9.5 Many-to-Many Relationships188

9.6 A Closer Look at Associations189

9.7 Associations as Independent Entities191

9.8 Referential Integrity197

9.9 Summary202

10.2 The ACID Test203

Chapter 10 Transaction Management and Concurrency Control203

10.1 The Transaction203

10.3 Transaction Management Exceeds the Database Level205

10.4 Concurrency Control:Locking206

10.5 Example:A Transaction Class211

10.6 Transactions in Relational Database Systems212

10.7 Using Transactions214

10.8 Nested Transactions215

10.9 Distributed DatabaseSystems217

10.10 Other Levels ofConcurrency219

10.11 Lock Notification through Call-Back Functions221

10.12 Summary222

Chapter 11 The Front End223

11.1 Analogy between User Interfaces and Databases223

11.2 Separating the User Interface from the Business Model223

11.3 WhattoPutWhere229

11.4 Navigating through Persistent Sets229

11.5 Summary234

12.1 ProjectDefinition235

Chapter 12 Case Study:An Electronic Telephone Directory235

12.2 Comparing Development Approaches236

12.3 Designing the User Interface237

12.4 The Database Model240

12.5 Designing the Business Model240

12.6 Comparing the Business Model and the Database Model243

12.7 Implementing the Business Objects244

12.8 Making Classes Persistent250

12.9 Impedance Mismatch Examples257

12.10 Implementing the User Interface263

12.11 Summary275

Chapter 13 Toward Open Applications277

13.1 Third-Party Access to Your Application's Data278

13.2 Standard Report Generators and Query Tools278

13.3 Informationbases281

13.4 Interoperability with Other Applications282

13.5 Implementing an Informationbase285

13.6 Architecture for Next-Generation Software286

13.7 Summary289

Chapter 14 Conclusion291

Appendix DBtools-Based Implementation of Scoop293

PSet293

DataSet294

IM Resolver294

Resolving Impedance Mismatch295

Building the Select Statement296

References297

Index301