基础化学实验 中英文本【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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第一部分 基础化学实验基本知识1

第一章 实验室规则及安全知识1

1 基础化学实验目的1

2 化学实验室一般规则1

3 化学实验室的安全知识2

4 化学实验操作过程中可能发生的事故与处理2

5 化学实验室的防火与灭火常识3

5.1 引起化学实验室火灾的主要原因3

5.2 灭火方法3

第二章 基础化学实验常用仪器4

1 实验室常用玻璃仪器4

1.1 玻璃仪器的洗涤4

1.2 玻璃仪器的干燥4

2 容量分析仪器4

2.1 滴定管6

2.2 容量瓶8

2.3 移液管和吸量管9

3 常用定量分析仪器10

3.1 分析天平10

3.2 pH计14

3.3 721型分光光度计20

3.4 FM-9X型冰点渗透压计22

4 离心机的使用25

4.1 原理25

4.2 操作方法26

第三章 实验结果的表示28

1 实验误差与有效数字28

1.1 实验误差28

1.2 准确度和精密度28

1.3 有效数字29

2 实验数据的表达与处理30

2.1 列表法31

2.2 作图法31

2.3 计算机处理31

3 实验报告31

第二部分 基础化学实验课题35

实验课题一 基本操作训练实验35

实验一 常用容量分析操作练习35

1 实验目的35

2 仪器及试剂35

3 实验步骤35

3.1 台秤35

3.2 容量仪器的洗涤和干燥操作练习36

3.3 移液管37

3.4 容量瓶37

3.5 锥形瓶38

3.6 滴定管38

3.7 滴定40

4 思考题41

实验二 分析天平称量练习42

1 实验目的42

2 实验原理42

3 仪器及试剂42

4 实验步骤42

4.1 电光分析天平称量练习42

4.2 电子天平称量练习43

5 数据记录与结果处理44

6 思考题44

实验三 缓冲溶液的配制与性质、溶液pH值测定45

1 实验目的45

2 实验原理45

3 仪器及试剂45

4 实验步骤46

4.1 配制缓冲溶液46

4.2 缓冲溶液的性质46

4.3 影响缓冲容量的因素46

4.4 缓冲比色法测定溶液pH47

4.5 用pH计测定溶液的pH值47

5 思考题48

实验四 胶体溶液的制备与性质48

1 实验目的48

2 实验原理48

2.1 胶体的制备48

2.2 溶胶的光学及电学性质49

2.3 胶体的净化49

2.4 溶胶的聚沉49

2.5 高分子溶液对溶胶的保护作用49

3 仪器及试剂49

4 实验步骤50

4.1 胶体的制备50

4.2 溶胶的性质50

5 思考题51

实验课题二 滴定分析实验52

实验五 酸碱滴定分析52

1 实验目的52

2 实验原理52

3 标准盐酸溶液浓度的标定52

3.1 仪器与试剂53

3.2 实验步骤53

3.3 数据记录及结果处理54

3.4 思考题54

4 标准氢氧化钠溶液浓度的标定54

4.1 仪器及试剂55

4.2 实验步骤55

4.3 数据记录及结果处理55

4.4 思考题56

5 食用醋中总酸度的测定56

5.1 仪器与试剂56

5.2 实验步骤57

5.3 数据记录及结果处理57

5.4 思考题57

6 硼砂含量的测定58

6.1 仪器与试剂58

6.2 实验步骤58

6.3 数据记录及结果处理59

6.4 思考题59

7 微型实验——醋酸含量的测定59

7.1 仪器与试剂59

7.2 实验步骤59

7.3 思考题60

实验六 氧化还原滴定分析60

1 实验目的60

2 实验原理60

3 KMnO4溶液的标定61

3.1 仪器及试剂61

3.2 实验步骤61

3.3 数据记录及结果处理62

3.4 思考题62

4 Na2C2O4含量的测定62

4.1 仪器及试剂62

4.2 实验步骤62

4.3 数据记录及结果处理63

4.4 思考题63

5 市售双氧水中H2O2含量的测定63

5.1 仪器及试剂63

5.2 实验步骤63

5.3 数据记录及结果处理64

5.4 思考题64

6 微型实验——市售双氧水中H2O2含量的测定64

6.1 仪器及试剂64

6.2 实验步骤65

6.3 数据记录及结果处理65

实验七 配位滴定分析65

1 实验目的65

2 实验原理65

3 水的硬度的测定66

3.1 仪器及试剂66

3.2 实验步骤67

3.3 数据记录及结果处理68

3.4 思考题69

4 微型实验——水样总硬度的测定69

4.1 仪器与试剂69

4.2 实验步骤69

5 明矾含量的测定70

5.1 仪器及试剂70

5.2 实验步骤70

5.3 数据记录及结果处理71

5.4 思考题72

6 微型实验——明矾含量的测定72

6.1 仪器与试剂72

6.2 实验步骤72

7 葡萄糖酸钙含量的测定73

7.1 仪器及试剂73

7.2 实验步骤73

7.3 数据记录及结果处理74

7.4 思考题74

8 微型实验——葡萄糖酸钙含量的测定75

8.1 仪器及试剂75

8.2 实验步骤75

实验课题三 分光光度法实验76

实验八 分光光度法测定水样中铁含量76

1 实验目的76

2 实验原理76

3 邻二氮菲法77

3.1 仪器及试剂77

3.2 实验步骤77

3.3 思考题78

4 硫氰酸盐法78

4.1 仪器及试剂79

4.2 实验步骤79

4.3 思考题80

5 磺基水杨酸法80

5.1 仪器及试剂80

5.2 实验步骤80

5.3 思考题82

实验九 分光光度法测定阿司匹林药片的含量82

1 实验目的82

2 实验原理82

3 仪器及试剂82

4 实验步骤82

4.1 标准系列溶液和样品溶液的配制及吸光度的测定82

4.2 数据处理83

5 思考题83

实验十 吸光光度法测定磺基水杨酸合铁的组成和稳定常数83

1 实验目的83

2 实验原理83

3 仪器及试剂84

4 实验步骤84

4.1 系列溶液的配制84

4.2 配合物吸收曲线的测绘85

4.3 系列溶液的吸光度测量85

5 数据记录及结果处理85

6 思考题85

实验十一 荧光分析法测定维生素B2的含量86

1 实验目的86

2 实验原理86

3 仪器及试剂86

4 实验步骤86

4.1 维生素B2标准溶液的配制86

4.2 标准曲线的绘制87

4.3 试样测定87

5 数据记录及结果处理87

6 思考题87

实验十二 紫外分光光度法对维生素B12的鉴别与含量测定88

1 实验目的88

2 实验原理88

3 仪器及试剂88

4 实验步骤88

4.1 样品溶液的配制88

4.2 维生素B12定性鉴别88

5 数据记录及结果处理89

5.1 定性鉴别89

5.2 样品测定89

6 思考题89

实验课题四 化学原理实验90

实验十三 稀溶液的依数性及其应用90

1 实验目的90

2 实验原理90

3 凝固点降低法测定溶质的相对分子质量91

3.1 仪器及试剂91

3.2 实验步骤91

3.3 思考题92

4 利用溶液的渗透浓度测定溶质的相对分子质量92

4.1 仪器及试剂92

4.2 实验步骤92

4.3 思考题93

5 冰点渗透压计的应用93

5.1 仪器及试剂93

5.2 实验步骤93

5.3 思考题93

实验十四 置换法测定Mg原子量94

1 实验目的94

2 实验原理94

3 仪器及试剂94

4 实验步骤94

5 数据记录和结果处理95

6 思考题96

实验十五 化学反应速率与活化能的测定96

1 实验目的96

2 实验原理96

3 仪器及试剂97

4 实验步骤97

4.1 浓度对化学反应速率的影响97

4.2 温度对化学反应速率的影响98

4.3 催化剂对化学反应速率的影响99

5 思考题99

实验课题五 化合物制备实验100

实验十六 氯化钠的精制100

1 实验目的100

2 实验原理100

3 仪器与试剂100

4 实验步骤101

4.1 粗食盐的提纯101

4.2 产品纯度的检验101

5 数据记录与结果处理101

6 思考题102

实验十七 硫酸亚铁铵的制备102

1 实验目的102

2 实验原理102

3 仪器与试剂103

4 实验步骤103

4.1 铁屑的净化103

4.2 硫酸亚铁的制备103

4.3 硫酸亚铁铵的制备103

4.4 产品检验104

5 数据记录及结果处理104

6 思考题104

实验课题六 综合及研究性实验105

实验十八 醋酸离解平衡常数的测定与HAc含量的测定105

1 实验目的105

2 实验原理105

3 仪器及试剂105

4 实验步骤105

4.1 HAc溶液浓度的测定105

4.2 配制不同浓度的醋酸溶液106

4.3 测定HAc溶液的pH值106

4.4 食醋中HAc含量的测定106

5 数据记录及结果处理106

6 思考题107

实验十九 茶叶中钙、镁和微量元素铁的综合测定108

1 实验目的108

2 实验原理108

3 仪器及试剂108

4 实验步骤109

4.1 茶叶灰化及试液的制备109

4.2 茶叶中Ca、Mg总含量的测定109

4.3 茶叶中Fe含量的测定109

5 数据记录及结果处理109

5.1 茶叶中Ca,Mg总量的测定109

5.2 茶叶中Fe含量的测定110

6 思考题110

实验课题七 自行设计实验111

实验二十 实验设计及研究111

1 实验题目111

2 实验目的111

3 仪器试剂及材料111

4 具体要求111

5 提示112

Part Ⅰ Experiment Essentials in Basic Chemistry113

Chapter 1 Laboratory Rules and Safety Information113

1 The Purpose of Experiments in Basic Chemistry113

2 General Rules in Laboratory113

3 Safety Information114

4 The Treatment of Accidents in Chemical Experiments115

5 Fire Prevention and Extinguishing Knowledge115

5.1 Some Main Causes of Fire in Lab115

5.2 Extinguishing Methods116

Chapter 2 Ordinary Instruments in Chemical Experiments117

1 Ordinary Glassware in Chemical Lab117

1.1 Cleaning Glassware117

1.2 Drying Glassware117

2 Volumetric Glassware119

2.1 Burets119

2.2 Volumetric Flasks121

2.3 Pipets123

3 Analytical Instruments124

3.1 Analytical Balance124

3.2 pH Meter129

3.3 721-Spectrophotometer135

3.4 FM-9X Osmometer139

4 Use of Centrifuges142

4.1 Principle142

4.2 Procedure for LDZ5-2 Centrifuge143

Chapter 3 Experiment Results and their Expressions145

1 Experimental Error and Significant Figures145

1.1 Experimental Error145

1.2 Accuracy and Precision145

1.3 Significant Figures146

2 Treatments of Experimental Data148

2.1 Tabling148

2.2 Graphing148

2.3 Computer Treatment149

3 Experiment Reports149

Part Ⅱ Experiments in Basic Chemistry153

Chapter 1 Basic Practice Experiment of Operation153

Experiment 1 Operation of Volumetric Analysis153

1 Purposes153

2 Apparatus and Reagents153

3 Procedure153

3.1 Platform Balance154

3.2 Cleaning and Drying of Volumetric Glassware Equipments155

3.3 Pipets155

3.4 Volumetric Flasks157

3.5 Erlenmeyer Flask157

3.6 Burette158

3.7 Operation of Titration159

4 Question162

Experiment 2 Weighing Practice of Analytical Balance162

1 Purposes162

2 Principles163

3 Apparatus and Reagents163

4 Procedure163

4.1 Weighing Practice of Electronic-optical Analytical Balance163

4.2 Weighing Practice of Electronic Balance164

5 Recording and Treating Data165

6 Questions166

Experiment 3 Preparation and Properties of Buffers and the pH of Solution166

1 Purposes166

2 Principles166

3 Apparatus and Reagents167

4 Procedure167

4.1 Preparation of Buffer solutions167

4.2 Properties of Buffer Solutions167

4.3 Buffer Capacity168

4.4 Measure the pH of Solution by Buffer Colorimetry168

4.5 Measure the pH of Solution by pH Meter169

5 Questions169

Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Colloidal Systems170

1 Purposes170

2 Principles170

2.1 Preparation of Colloid170

2.2 Optical and Electrical Properties of Colloid171

2.3 Purifying of Colloid171

2.4 Coagulating of Colloid171

2.5 The Protective Action of Macromolecular Solution to Sol172

3 Apparatus and Reagents172

4 Procedure172

4.1 Preparation of Colloid172

4.2 Properties of Colloidal Systems172

5 Questions174

Chapter 2 Experiments of Titration175

Experiment 5 Acid-Base Titration Analysis175

1 Purposes175

2 Principles175

3 The Standardization of HCl Concentration176

3.1 Apparatus and Reagents176

3.2 Procedure176

3.3 Recording and Treating Data177

3.4 Questions178

4 Standardizing of NaOH Solution178

4.1 Apparatus and Reagents179

4.2 Procedure179

4.3 Recording and Treating Data180

4.4 Questions180

5 Determination of Acetic Acid Content of Vinegar180

5.1 Apparatus and Reagents181

5.2 Procedure181

5.3 Recording and Treating Data182

5.4 Questions182

6 Determination of Quantity of Borax Contained182

6.1 Apparatus and Reagents183

6.2 Procedure183

6.3 Recording and Treating Data184

6.4 Questions184

7 Acid-Base Titration Experiments in Miniaturization184

7.1 Apparatus and Reagents184

7.2 Procedures184

7.3 Question185

Experiment 6 Oxidation-Reduction Titration185

1 Purposes185

2 Principles185

3 Standardizing of KMnO4 Solution186

3.1 Apparatus and Reagents186

3.2 Procedure186

3.3 Recording and Treating Data187

3.4 Questions188

4 Determine the Content of Na2C2O4188

4.1 Apparatus and Reagents188

4.2 Procedure188

4.3 Recording and Treating Data188

4.4 Questions188

5 Determine the Content of H2O2 in Commercial H2O2 Solution189

5.1 Apparatus and Reagents189

5.2 Procedure189

5.3 Recording and Treating Data190

5.4 Questions190

Experiment 7 Complexometric Titration190

1 Purposes190

2 Principles190

3 Determination of the Hardness of Water191

3.1 Apparatus and Reagents192

3.2 Procedure192

3.3 Recording and Treating Data193

4 Determination of Hardness of Water in Miniaturization194

4.1 Apparatus and Reagents194

4.2 Procedure195

5 Determination of KAl(SO4)2·12H2O in Alum195

5.1 Apparatus and Reagents196

5.2 Procedure196

5.3 Recording and Treating Data197

6 Determination of KAl(SO4)2·12H2O in Alum in Miniaturization198

6.1 Apparatus and Reagents198

6.2 Procedure198

7 Determination of Calcium Gluconate198

7.1 Apparatus and Reagents199

7.2 Procedure199

7.3 Recording and Treating Data200

8 Determination of Calcium Gluconate in Miniaturization200

8.1 Apparatus and Reagents200

8.2 Procedure201

Chapter 3 Spectrophotometry202

Experiment 8 Determination of the Fe3+ Concentration in Water with Spectrophotometry202

1 Purposes202

2 Principles202

3 O-phenanthroline Method203

3.1 Apparatus and Reagents203

3.2 Procedure204

3.3 Questions205

4 Sulfocyanate(MSCN)Method205

4.1 Principle205

4.2 Apparatus and Reagents205

4.3 Procedure206

4.4 Questions207

5 Sulfosalicylic Acid Method207

5.1 Principle207

5.2 Apparatus and Reagents207

5.3 Procedure207

5.4 Questions208

Experiment 9 Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aspirin208

1 Purposes208

2 Principles208

3 Apparatus and Reagents209

4 Procedure209

4.1 Preparation of Several Standard Solutions and Sample Solution and the Measurement of Absorbance209

4.2 Recording and Treating Data209

5 Question210

Experiment 10 Determination of the Formula and the Stability Constant for an Iron(Ⅲ)-sulfosalicylate Complex by Spectrophotometry210

1 Purposes210

2 Principles210

3 Apparatus and Reagents211

4 Procedure211

4.1 Prepare a Series of Solutions211

4.2 Determine the Absorption Spectrum of Complex211

4.3 Determine the Absorbance of a Series of Solutions212

5 Recording and Treating Data212

6 Questions212

Experiment 11 Determination of the Content of Vitamin B2 by Fluorescence Spectrophotometry213

1 Purposes213

2 Principles213

3 Apparatus and Reagents213

4 Procedure214

4.1 Preparation of Standard Solution of Vitamin B2214

4.2 Plotting the Standard Curve214

4.3 Determine the Concentration of Sample Solution of Vitamin B2214

5 Recording and Treating Data215

6 Questions215

Experiment 12 Determination the Content and Identification Compound of Vitamin B12 by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry215

1 Purposes215

2 Principles215

3 Apparatus and Reagents216

4 Procedure216

4.1 Preparation Sample Solution216

4.2 Quantitative Identifying Vitamin B12216

5 Recording and Treating Date216

5.1 Qualitative Identifying216

5.2 Determining the Content of Vitamin B12216

6 Questions217

Chapter 4 Chemical Principle Experiment218

Experiment 13 Colligative Properties of Diluted Solution and It's Application218

1 Purposes218

2 Principles218

3 Determination of the Relative Molecular Mass of Glucose by Freezing Point Depression Method220

3.1 Apparatus and Reagents220

3.2 Procedures220

3.3 Questions220

4 Determination of the Relative Molecular Mass of Glucose by Determining Osmolarity of the Solution221

4.1 Apparatus and Reagents221

4.2 Procedures221

4.3 Questions221

5 Application of the Freezing Point Osmometer222

5.1 Apparatus and Reagents222

5.2 Procedures222

5.3 Questions222

Experiment 14 Determination of the Atomic Mass of Magnesium by Replacement Reaction223

1 Purposes223

2 Principles223

3 Apparatus and Reagents223

4 Procedure223

5 Recording and Treating Data224

6 Questions225

Experiment 15 Determination of the Rate of Chemical Reaction and Activation Energy225

1 Purpose225

2 Principles225

3 Apparatus and Reagents227

4 Procedure227

4.1 The Effects of Concentration on the Rate of Reaction227

4.2 The Effects of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction228

4.3 The Effect of Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction229

5 Question229

Chapter 5 Preparation of Compounds230

Experiment 16 Refining Sodium Chloride230

1 Purposes230

2 Principles230

3 Apparatus and Reagents230

4 Procedure231

4.1 Refining Sodium Chloride231

4.2 Test the Purity of the Purified Salt231

5 Recording and Treating Data232

Experiment 17 Preparation of Ammonium Iron(Ⅱ) Sulfate232

1 Purposes232

2 Principles232

3 Apparatus and Reagents233

4 Procedure233

4.1 Cleanse the Iron Filings233

4.2 Preparation of FeSO4233

4.3 Preparation of (NH4) 2SO4·FeSO4·6H2O234

4.4 Test the Product234

5 Recording and Treating Data234

Chapter 6 Comprehensive Experiments235

Experiment 18 Determination of Dissociation Equilibrium Constant of Acetic Acid and Determination235

1 Purposes235

2 Principles235

3 Apparatus and Reagents235

4 Procedure236

4.1 Determine the Concentration of 0.1 mol·L-1HAc Solution236

4.2 Preparation of HAc Solution with Different Concentrations236

4.3 Measurement of pH of Four Solutions Above Mentioned236

4.4 Determination of the Content of Acetic Acid in Vinegar236

5 Recording and Treating Data237

6 Questions238

Experiment 19 Comprehensive Determinations of Trace Elements in Tea238

1 Purposes238

2 Principles238

3 Apparatus and Reagents239

4 Procedure239

4.1 Tea Ashing and Reagent Preparation239

4.2 Determine the Total Content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Ions in Tea239

4.3 Determination the Content of Iron in Tea240

5 Recording and Treating Data240

5.1 Determination of the Total Content of Ca2+,Mg2+ in Tea240

5.2 Determination of the Content of Iron in Tea240

6 Questions240

Chapter 7 Self-Designed Experiments241

Experiment 20 Experiment Design and Research241

1 Subjects241

2 Purpose241

3 Apparatus,Reagents and Materials241

4 Detailed Requirements242

5 Prompting243

附录Ⅰ 国际相对原子量表244

附录Ⅱ 不同温度下水的饱和蒸汽压246

附录Ⅲ 危险药品的分类、性质和管理247

附录Ⅳ 标准缓冲溶液250

附录Ⅴ 参考书目251