Twentieth Century Europe A History【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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PART Ⅰ THE FIRST WORLD CRISIS1

1．The Heritage of the Twentieth Century3

THE DYNAMIC AGE3

THE IDEOLOGIES OF PROGRESS9

THE EUROPEAN STATE SYSTEM，1900-1414

EUROPE AND HE WORLD22

2．The Coming of the Crisis29

TESTING THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMES30

TENSIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE36

THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMS，1912-1445

THE OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES46

3．Word War I55

THE FIRST YEAR55

THE WAR OF ATTRITION61

THE TURN OF THE TIDE71

VICTORY OF THE ALLIES79

4．The Treaty of Versailles83

THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE84

THE DRAFTING OF THE TREATY85

THE BASIS OF THE TREATY90

THE BOUNDARIES OF GERMANY93

THE COLONIAL SETTLEMENT AND MANDATES97

DISARMAMENT OF GERMANY100

REPARATIONS101

THE＂HONOR＂CLAUSES103

FINAL PROVISIONS105

AN EVALUATION OF THE TREATY106

5．The Eastern Peace Treaties108

VICTORS AND VANQUISHED108

THE HABSBURG SETTLEMENT109

THE BORDERLANDS OF RUSSIA122

BULGARIA AND THE TREATY OF NEUILLY132

DISSOLUTION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE136

PART Ⅱ．THE GREAT POWERS AND THE SEARCH FOR AN EQUILIBRIUM147

6．Experiments in International Organization149

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS150

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION152

THE PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE154

OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS156

THE MINORITY TREATIES157

ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE THE LEAGUE＇S SECURITY SYSTEM161

DISARMAMENT167

SECURITY THROUGH ALLIANCES172

7．The Soviet Union，1917-28176

THE REVOLUTION176

IDEOLOGY OF THE SOVIET STATE189

FROM WAR COMMUNISM TO＂NEP＂197

INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES201

8．The Weimar Republic212

THE GERMAN CONSTITUTION213

REPARATIONS219

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT224

RELIGION229

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT230

9．The Establishment of Fascist Italy237

POSTWAR ITALY，1919-22238

THE RISE OF FASCISM239

FASCIST THEORY242

THE REORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT245

THE PARTY ORGANIZATION248

THE CORPORATIVE STATE249

CULTURAL POLICY252

FOREIGN POLICY254

10．France During the Twenties257

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT258

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT261

ALSACE-LORRAINE264

RELIGIOUS POLICY IN FRANCE267

THE EMPIRE268

FOREIGN POLICY272

11．The United Kingdom and the Empire275

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT276

ECONOMIC POLICY280

RELIGION AND EDUCATION284

IRELAND287

THE BRITISH EMPIRE289

FOREIGN POLICY294

12．The World Depression297

THE END OF AN ERA297

IMPACT OF THE DEPRESSION301

ECONOMICS AND POLITICS306

PART Ⅲ．THE SMALLER POWERS IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD313

13．The Lowlands，Scandinavia，and Switzerland315

THE LOWLANDS316

THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES323

SWITZERLAND328

14．Danubian Europe336

THE NEW GOVERNMENTS337

ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION339

RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS345

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT349

POSTDEPRESSION ECONOMIC PROBLEMS365

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS370

15．The New States of the Baltic Region372

REPUBLICAN FINLAND373

THE BALTIC STATES377

POLAND383

16．The Eastern Mediterranean Region393

EUROPE AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION393

POSTWAR GREECE395

THE TURKISH REPUBLIC404

THE INDEPENDENT ARAB STATES411

THE ARAB MANDATES414

PART Ⅳ．THE SECOND WORLD CRISIS423

17．Italy，France，and Great Britain in the Thirties425

ITALY426

FRANCE430

GREAT BRITAIN437

18．National Socialist Germany，1933-39445

FACTORS UNDERLYING THE COLLAPSE OF THE GERMAN REPUBLIC445

NATIONAL SOCIALIST THEORY449

NATIONAL SOCIALISM IN ACTION452

19．Russia Under the Five-Year Plans，1928-41464

SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY464

THE TRANSFORMATION OF A SOCIETY471

THE VICTORY OF STALINISM476

20．The Failure of the League System485

REVOLUTION AND AGGRESSION486

THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS487

THE ETHIOPIAN CRISIS491

THE SPANISH CRISIS498

THE CHINESE INCIDENT，1937507

SHIFTING ALLIANCES510

21．Immediate Background of World War II515

GERMANY AND EUROPE515

THE AUSTRIAN CRISIS521

THE CZECHOSLOVAK CRISIS523

PRELUDE TO WAR530

22．World War II536

PREDOMINANCE OF THE AXIS536

EXPANSION OF THE WAR545

THE GREAT COALITION555

INITIATIVE OF THE UNITED NATIONS563

THE DEFEAT OF THE AXIS570

PART Ⅴ．THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE583

23．The United Nations Organization585

DRAFTING OF THE CHARTER586

STRUCTURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION588

PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES599

THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE606

24．Negotiations for Peace610

POSTWAR BALANCE OF POWER610

THE EUROPEAN PEACE TREATIES616

THE JAPANESE PEACE TREATY627

25．The United Kingdom，France，and Italy After the War633

UNITED KINGDOM634

FRANCE644

ITALY661

26．Germany and the Small States of Western Europe669

GERMANY UNDER FOUR-POWER CONTROL670

THE GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC677

THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC681

BERLIN AND THE ISSUE OF REUNIFICATION683

AUSTRIA684

SWITZERLAND687

THE LOWLANDS688

THE SCANDINAVIAN STATES692

THE IBERIAN STATES695

27．The Soviet Orbit698

EVOLUTION OF SOVIET POLICY698

PATTERN OF SOVIET CHANGE706

EASTERN EUROPE712

28．The Eastern Mediterranean Region724

GREECE AND TURKEY725

THE ARAB WORLD730

29．Europe and the World746

THE COLD WAR746

CONSOLIDATION OF WESTERN EUROPE758

TWENTIETH-CENTURY TRENDS764

Appendices：770

Ⅰ．AREA AND POPULATION OF THE STATES OF EUROPE AND THE NEAR EAST C．1900，C．1925，C．1958770

Ⅱ．STATEMENTS OF PEACE AIMS BY PRESIDENT WILSON772

Ⅲ．STATEMENTS OF UNITED NATIONS＇PEACE AIMS774

Ⅳ．MEMBERSHIP OF THE UNITED NATIONS775

Ⅴ．REGIONAL GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS AFTER WORLD WAR II778

Ⅵ．VANISHING ROYALTY，1900-58783

Ⅶ．CHRONOLOGY787

Bibliography：803

1．REFERENCE WORKS804

2．GENERAL WORKS BY COUNTRY AND REGION806

3．INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS844

Index865