语法化学说 英文版【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 SOME PRELIMINARIES1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2.1 A preliminary classification of grammatical forms4

1.2 What is a grammaticalized form?4

1.2.2 Clines6

1.2.3 Periphrasis versus affixation8

1.3.1 Lets10

1.3 Some further examples of grammaticalization10

Preface by Halliday F12

王宗炎序 F13

1.3.2 A West African complementizer14

Preface by Chommsky F16

1.3.3 Agreement markers16

1.4 Grammaticalization and language structure17

2 THE HISTORY OF GRAMMATICALIZATION18

2.1 Introduction18

2.2 Earlier research on grammaticalization18

沈家煊序 F23

2.3 More recent research on grammaticalization24

导读 F26

2.4 Current trends in research on grammaticalization30

3.1 Introduction32

3 MECHANISMS REANALYSIS AND ANALOGY32

3.2 Some background assumptions about change33

3.1 A model of language change34

Preface and acknowledgements F36

3.3 Induction,deduction,abduction38

3.4 Reanalysis40

List of abbreviations F40

3.4.1 The French inflectional future42

3.4.2 The Tarahumara third person pronoun44

3.4.3 The English modal auxiliaries45

3.5 The independence of reanalysis and grammaticalization48

3.5.1 Word order change50

3.6 Analogy/rule generalization56

3.1 Grammaticalization of VO word order in English between AD 1000 and AD 150060

3.2 Schema of the development of auxiliary be going to61

3.7 The different effects of reanalysis and analogy61

4 PRAGMATIC INFERENCING63

4.1 Introduction63

4.2 Inferencing and meaning change67

4.2.1 Semantics versus pragmatics68

4.2.2 Relationships between senses of a form:homonymy and polysemy69

4.2.3 Conversational and conventional inferencing72

4.3 The role of pragmatic inferencing in grammaticalization75

4.3.1 Metaphorical processes77

4.3.2 Metonymic processes80

4.4 Metaphor and metonymy as problem solving86

4.5 Pragmatic enrichment versus bleaching87

4.1 Revised schema of the development of auxiliary be going to88

5.1 Introduction94

5 THE HYPOTHESIS OF UNIDIRECTIONALITY94

5.2 Generalization96

5.2.1 Generalization of meaning96

5.2.2 Generalization of grammatical function100

5.3 Decategorialization103

5.3.1 A noun-to-affix cline106

5.3.2 A verb-to-affix cline108

5.1 Ratio of compound verbs in Marathi and Hindi-Urdu according to semantic class of main verb111

5.3.3 Multiple paths112

5.4 Some processes participating in unidirectionality113

5.4.1 Specialization113

5.4.2 Divergence116

5.4.3 Renewal121

5.5 A synchronic result of unidirectionality123

5.5.1 Layering124

5.6 Counterexamples to unidirectionality126

5.7 An unresolved question128

6.2 Morphologization130

6 CLAUSE-INTERNAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES130

6.1 Introduction130

6.1 Buryat Mongolian pronouns and verb endings131

6.2.1 Some characteristics of clitics132

6.2.2 Positions of clitics133

6.2 Polish tonic and clitic forms of the copula135

6.3 Bonding of clitic copula to verb stem in Polish,AD 1500 to the present136

6.4 Differential univerbation of preterit verb and personnumber suffix in Polish dialects138

6.2.3 Semantic relevance as a factor in fusion and morpheme order141

6.5 Affixal aspect-tense-mood forms144

6.2.4 Phonological concomitants of morphologization145

6.3 The development of paradigms150

6.6 Old Norse present indicative reflexive verb forms151

6.7 Pre-Sanskrit noun inflection154

6.8 Sanskrit and pre-Pali forms of the copula154

6.9 Pre-Pali and Pali forms of the copula155

6.10 Differential inflection of the aorist in Bulgarian dialects155

6.4 Argument structure marking:functional-semantic hierarchies and morphological generalization156

6.11 Differential inflection of past participles in Bulgarian dialects156

6.4.1 Object marking in Persian157

6.4.2 Ergative case marking:a statistical perspective160

6.5 Loss163

6.12 Old English strong adjective singular inflection164

7.1 Introduction167

7 GRAMMATICALIZATION ACROSS CLAUSES167

7.2 A cline of clause combining constructions168

7.1 Properties relevant to the cline of clause combining171

7.2.1 Parataxis171

7.2.2 Hypotaxis174

7.2.3 Subordination176

7.3 The grammaticalization of clause linkers177

7.4 Some counterexamples to unidirectionality in clause combining184

7.5 Examples of the development of complex sentence constructions185

7.5.1 That-complementation in English185

7.5.2 Relative clauses in English and Hittite190

7.5.3 From clause chaining to verb inflectionin Lhasa198

7.5.4 From main clause construction to sentential adverb in contemporary English201

7.1 Occurrence of that with think and guess versus all other verbs202

8.1 Introduction204

8 SOME FURTHER ISSUES204

8.2 Grammaticalization versus parametric change204

8.3 Contact209

Notes222

References226

Index of names246

Index of languages250

General index252

文库索引257