BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES HISTORY，POLICY，AND INTERPRETATION【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES HISTORY，POLICY，AND INTERPRETATIONPDF格式电子书版下载

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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 The Core Principles of the BITS2

1.2 The Content of the BITS4

1.3 The Plan of this Book11

1.4 Citations to BITS， Awards， and Literature14

1.5 Apologies， Alibis， and Acknowledgements15

Chapter 2 History19

2.1 The Colonial Era： 1820-194419

2.1.1 The Emergence of a Global Economy： 1820-191420

2.1.2 The Global Economy Collapses： 1914-194431

2.2 The Cold War Era： 1944-198938

2.3 The Global Era： 1990-Present59

Chapter 3 Policy75

3.1 Economic Liberalism75

3.1.1 Microeconomic Theory80

3.1.2 MacroeconomicTheory83

3.2 The Critique of Economic Liberalism87

3.3 Development Economics90

3.4 The Empirical Evidence93

3.4.1 Foreign Investment and Growth93

3.4.1.1 Private Investment93

3.4.1.2 Public Investment96

3.4.2 Foreign Investment and Inequality97

3.4.3 Environmental and Labor Concerns103

3.5 The Role of BITS108

3.5.1 Promoting a Liberal Investment Regime108

3.5.2 Promoting the Rule of Law113

3.6 The Effectiveness of BITs115

Chapter 4 Scope121

4.1 Introduction121

4.2 The Definition of Investment122

4.2.1 Structure and Policy122

4.2.2 Origins132

4.2.3 Arbitral Practice133

4.2.3.1 The Definition of Investment Under the ICSID Convention133

4.2.3.2 The Definition of Investment Under the BITs137

4.2.3.3 Identifying the Location of the Investment148

4.2.3.4 Relevance of the Source of Financing150

4.2.3.5 Consistency of the Investment with Local Law152

4.3 The Definition of Investor157

4.3.1 Structure and Policy157

4.3.2 Origins164

4.3.3 Arbitral Practice168

4.3.3.1 Ascribing Nationality to a Company168

4.3.3.2 The Nationality of an Intermediary Corporation172

4.3.3.3 Ascribing Nationality to an Individual172

4.3.3.4 Ownership or Control of an Investment174

4.4 The Temporal Application of a BIT175

4.5 Exceptions178

4.5.1 The Essential Security Interests Exception179

4.5.2 The Taxation Exception186

Chapter 5 Reasonableness189

5.1 Introduction189

5.2 Fair and Equitable Treatment190

5.2.1 Structure and Policy190

5.2.2 Origins195

5.2.3 Arbitral Practice202

5.3 Unreasonable or Discriminatoty Measures212

5.3.1 Structure and Policy212

5.3.2 Origins215

5.3.3 Arbitral Practice219

5.4 The International Minimum Standard226

Chapter 6 Security233

6.1 Introduction233

6.2 Fair and Equitable Treatment234

6.3 Full Protection and Security243

6.3.1 Structure and Policy243

6.3.2 Origins244

6.3.3 Arbitral Practice248

6.4 Observance of Obligations256

6.4.1 Structure and Policy256

6.4.2 Origins260

6.4.3 Arbitral Practice263

6.5 Expropriation271

6.5.1 Structure and Policy271

6.5.2 Origins282

6.5.3 Arbitral Practice289

6.5.3.1 Expropriation of Property Rights289

6.5.3.2 Expropriation of Contract Rights303

6.5.3.3 Expropriation by the Judicial Branch306

6.5.3.4 Grounds for Wrongfulness307

6.6 War and Civil Disturbance309

6.6.1 Structure and Policy309

6.6.2 Origins311

6.6.3 Arbitral Practice315

6.7 Currency Transfers316

6.7.1 Structure and Policy316

6.7.2 Origins324

6.7.3 Arbitral Practice332

6.8 Preservation of Rights333

Chapter 7 Nondiscrimination337

7.1 Introduction337

7.2 Most Favored Nation and National Treatment339

7.2.1 Structure and Policy339

7.2.2 MFN Treatment： Origins352

7.2.3 MFN Treatment： Arbitral Practice357

7.2.4 National Treatment： Origins373

7.2.5 National Treatment： Arbitral Practice376

7.3 War and Civil Disturbance386

7.4 Unreasonable or Discriminatory.Measures387

7.5 Fair and Equitable Treatment392

7.6 The International Minimum Standard394

Chapter 8 Transparency397

8.1 Introduction397

8.2 Publication399

8.3 Information Exchange400

8.4 Participation in Decision Making401

8.5 Fair and Equitable Treatment402

Chapter 9 Access405

9.1 Introduction405

9.2 The Economics of an Open Capital Account408

9.3 Establishment413

9.3.1 Structure and Policy413

9.3.2 Origins415

9.3.3 Arbitral Practice418

9.4 Currency Transfers419

9.5 Performance Requirements419

9.6 Entry and Sojourn422

9.7 Employment424

Chapter 10 Due Process427

10.1 Introduction427

10.2 Investor-State Dispute Resolution433

10.2.1 Structure and Policy433

10.2.1.1 Consent to Arbitration433

10.2.1.2 Arbitral Mechanisms434

10.2.1.3 Prerequisites to Arbitration439

10.2.1.4 Investment-State Arbitration Clauses443

10.2.1.5 Choice of Law Clauses444

10.2.1.6 Collateral Sources of Compensation445

10.2.1.7 Awards445

10.2.1.8 Innovations in Investor-State Arbitration447

10.2.1.8.1 Party Participation in the Arbitration449

10.2.1.8.2 Transparency451

10.2.1.8.3 Public Participation453

10.2.1.8.4 Expedited Consideration of Claims454

10.2.1.8.5 Consolidation of Claims454

10.2.1.8.6 Appellate Mechanisms457

10.2.2 Origins457

10.2.3 Arbitral Practice465

10.2.3.1 The Tribunal’s Jurisdiction465

10.2.3.1.1 Existence of an Investment466

10.2.3.1.2 Existence of an Investor or Investment With Standing466

10.2.3.1.3 Consent to Arbitration477

10.2.3.1.4 Existence of an Investment Dispute478

10.2.3.1.5 Hypotheticality and Timing of the Dispute480

10.2.3.2 Submission of the Dispute to Local Remedies482

10.2.3.2.1 The Exhaustion of Local Remedies Requirement482

10.2.3.2.2 Previously Agreed Procedures484

10.2.3.2.3 Voluntary Submission to Local Remedies485

10.2.3.2.4 Choice of Forum Clauses Designating Local Remedies488

10.2.3.3 Multiple Proceedings491

10.2.3.4 Other Procedural Conditions for Submission of a Claim492

10.2.3.4.1 Prior Consultations or Negotiations492

10.2.3.4.2 The Waiting Period494

10.2.3.4.3 Sufficiency of Notice497

10.2.3.5 Conduct of the Arbitration498

10.3 State-State Dispute Resolution499

10.3.1 Structure and Policy499

10.3.2 Origins504

10.3.3 Arbitral Practice507

10.4 Denial of Justice508

10.4.1 Treaty Texts508

10.4.2 Arbitral Practice509

Table of Cases517

Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments525

Index553